The Translator as Communicator

absent discourse:
a discourse of an absent
individual or group which is
invoked but not explicitly
attributed. This rhetorical
hijacking may serve a variety
of purposes such as subtle
appeal to authority or indeed
irony. For example, an actual
slogan once used by the
Conservative party in Britain
—‘power to the people’ —
invokes the discourse of an
ideology the party abhors; in
this case the absent discourse
is that of Marxism invoked to
be parodied.
achievement testing:
the kind of testing which
measures how much
someone has learned with
reference to a particular
programme of instruction.
Proficiency testing,
on the
other hand, posits no such
reference to, say, a given
course of study.
action process:
see 
transitivity
actual:
see 
virtual
addressee:
see 
audience design
appropriateness:
see 
effectiveness
argumentation:
a text type in which concepts
and/or beliefs are evaluated.
Two basic forms of
argumentation may be
distinguished: 
counter-
argumentation
in which a
thesis is cited, then opposed;
and 
through-

---

argumentation
in which a
thesis is cited, then
extensively defended.
Counter-arguments can be
lopsided
(the concession is
explicitly signalled by the
use of 
although, while,
etc.),
or can take the form of a
balance
(the opposition is
introduced explicitly or
implicitly by the use of
adversatives such as 
but,
however,
etc.). The balance
is also known as the