The Translator as Communicator

straw-
man gambit.
audience design:
the adaptation of output by
text producers to the
perceived receiver group.
Central to this notion is the
extent to which speakers
accommodate to their
addressees and how speech
style is affected. Four
potential categories of text
receiver have been
identified: 
addressees
are
known to the speaker and are
directly addressed as ratified
participants in the speech
event (e.g. students of
religious seminaries in
Sample 9.1
). 
Auditors
are
both known to the speaker
and ratified participants but
they are not directly
addressed (e.g. listeners to
Tehran radio in 
Sample 9.1
).
Overhearers
are known by
the speaker to be present but
are neither ratified
participants nor directly
addressed (e.g. the Islamic
nation). 
Eavesdroppers
are
those of whose presence the
178 GLOSSARY

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speaker is unaware (it could
be suggested that the
Guardian
is an eavesdropper
on Khomeini’s address).
auditor:
see 
audience design
aural text:
see 
visual text
balance:
see argumentation
bottom-up:
see top-down
breaking a maxim:
see the cooperative principle
coherence:
see cohesion
cohesion:
the requirement that a
sequence of sentences
realizing a >
*
text
display
grammatical and/or lexical
relationships which ensure
surface structure continuity.
For example, in the
exchange:
A: Where have you been?
B: To the Empire.
there is an implicit link
between 
have been
and
to the Empire
which
accounts for the
cohesiveness of the
sequence. 
Coherence,
on the other hand,
requires that the
grammatical and/or
lexical relationships
involve underlying
conceptual relations and
not only continuity of
forms. Thus, the