errors
may in essence be syntactic, semantic or even morphological. But,
the fact
that those who commit these errors have a high level of language competence
must surely point to the insufficiency of, say, mastering syntax without being
aware of discoursal meanings (e.g. the ideological function of passivization). We
are therefore inclined to conclude that training programmes need to address the
area of language use where text meets context and is thereby structured and
made to hang together (texture).
This is an area which has sometimes been neglected, not only in translator/
interpreter training but also in the general field of foreign-language teaching. In
the early 1960s, register analysis emerged to provide a framework that has
exercised considerable influence on applied and socio-linguistics. Many studies
with a theoretical bias, textbooks and manuals have been inspired by this rapidly
developing discipline. In precise analytical terms, the procedures involved
sizeable samples of language being delimited on the basis of broad contextual
categories such as subject matter and then subjected to some form of qualitative,
or
more often quantitative, analysis.
In practice, however, such procedures have tended to ignore the rich range of
textual activities which make up the communicative potential of, say, ‘doing
science’ or ‘practising law’. Also ignored are the discoursal values which the
lexico-grammar relays in the process of communication. In short, important
aspects of textuality are left unaccounted for, a weakness which stems from the
erroneous assumption that the text is the sum total of its constituent parts, that
the formality of a text, for example, is a function of a statistically determined
predominance of certain lexical or grammatical features to the exclusion of all
else.
Texts may be similar in their level of formality or their field of discourse and
yet still display, in subtle ways, differences of some significance. Within tenor,
for example, these differences move beyond the formal/informal distinction to
include variables such as those of power and solidarity. Pragmatic meanings are
relayed and texts begin to function as socio-cultural ‘signs’ within a system not
merely of linguistic expression but also of socio-textual conventions.
It is the text type, as defined by overall rhetorical purpose, which provides the
essential link between text and context. We consider it to be central to a
comprehensive model of describing language in use. Viable text typologies
promise a comprehensive framework which captures the symbiosis between
textuality and the various levels of linguistic expression.
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