THE STATE OF WORLD
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
2020
characteristics of AqGR found on farms.
The Barcode of Life Data System (Ratnasingham
and Hebert, 2007) is a storage and analysis
platform for DNA barcodes. With sequence
information for more than 15 000 fish species,
it is a widely accepted standard for genetic
identification of commercial species, but again
not below the species level.
The FAO Commission on Genetic Resources
for Food and Agriculture (the Commission)
recognized the paucity of knowledge on
AqGR below the species level and identified
collecting information on AqGR as a priority
in 2007. This led to the production of
The State
of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for
Food and Agriculture
(FAO, 2019a). With its
scope being farmed
species and their wild
relatives under national jurisdiction, the report
presents a snapshot of the status of AqGR.
While not a complete inventory, it does throw
new light on the drivers of and trends in the
use of AqGR in aquaculture. It identifies key
needs and challenges that must be addressed
to enhance the conservation, sustainable
use and development of these important
resources. The report’s principal sources
of information were country reports from
92 countries, representing 96 percent
of global
aquaculture production.
The report identified some discrepancies in
species reported by the national focal points
through this process and those reported regularly
to FAO. This highlighted the need for greater
harmonization of reporting procedures nationally
and globally. In analysing the country reports,
the lack of standardized use of terminology
to describe AqGR was evident. The report
adopted standard terminology (
Box 9
). The term
Standardized use of terms to describe aquatic
genetic resources (AqGR) is necessary for effective
understanding and monitoring of their use in
aquaculture.
The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture
1
uses the following
definitions, which are based in part on the customs of
crop and livestock nomenclature, but the terms “strain”
and “farmed type” have been newly elaborated.
BOX 9
STANDARDIZING THE NOMENCLATURE FOR AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES
1
FAO. 2019.
The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture assessments. Rome. 290 pp.
(also available at www.fao.org/3/CA5256EN/CA5256EN.pdf).
Term
Definition
Farmed type
Cultured aquatic organisms that could be a strain, hybrid, triploid, monosex
group, other genetically altered form, variety or wild type.
Strain (for animals)
A farmed type of aquatic species having homogeneous appearance (phenotype),
homogeneous behaviour, and/or other characteristics
that distinguish it from
other organisms of the same species and that can be maintained by propagation.
Variety (for plants)
A plant grouping, within a single botanical taxon of the lowest known rank,
defined by the reproducible expression of its distinguishing and other genetic
characteristics.
Stock
A group of similar organisms in the wild that share a common characteristic that
distinguishes them from other organisms at a given scale of resolution.
Wild relative
An organism of the same species as a farmed organism (conspecific) found and
established in the wild, i.e. not in aquaculture facilities.
SOURCE: FAO.
STANDARDIZED TERMINOLOGY FOR AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES
| 107 |
PART 2
SUSTAINABILITY IN ACTION
“farmed type” is a particularly important term
that can describe all the kinds of AqGR found
in aquaculture. A 2019
FAO expert workshop
identified 12 specific farmed types for inclusion
in an information system (
Figure 44
).
The report’s findings highlight key differences
between aquatic and terrestrial genetic resources.
For example, from a conservation point of view,
the situation for AqGR is encouraging relative
to other agriculture sectors, with wild relatives
of all farmed species still existing in nature,
although some are under threat. There is also
a high level of interaction between farmed
AqGR and their wild relatives, with aquaculture
often relying on wild relatives as seed inputs.
However, aquaculture
systems can also have
detrimental impacts on wild relative resources
through habitat change or disturbance and the
escape or release of hatchery-propagated AqGR.
Relatively few domesticated strains or varieties
of AqGR are significantly differentiated from
wild relative resources. This highlights the
tremendous opportunity to sustainably increase
yields in aquaculture through much wider
adoption of effective genetic improvement
programmes, focused on selective breeding
of lower-value and high-production-volume
species in developing countries. The report
also found that introduced, non-native
species are fundamentally
important in global
aquaculture, but that they can pose a threat to
indigenous genetic diversity and, thus, require
careful management.
Measures for effective management
of aquatic genetic resources
In response to
The State of the World’s Aquatic
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
, the
Commission requested that FAO prepare a global
plan of action (GPA) on AqGR. Once endorsed
by FAO and its Members, the GPA will provide a
framework, and a basis for resource mobilization,
for the promotion
of enhanced and effective
conservation, sustainable use and development
of these resources. Its development and
implementation will build on the momentum
FIGURE 44
PROPOSED INFORMATION SYSTEM WITH A REGISTRY OF FARMED TYPES
OF AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES AT ITS CORE
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