The Source Book On Sikhism

Some Philological Rules exemplified

Rule 1. The conjunct ‘ct’ or ‘kt’ in the classical language changes into ‘it’ in the modern language.

Examples.

(a) EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

Latin Italian Meaning

Victoria Vittoria Victoria

Octo Otto Eight

Noctis Nitte Night

October Ottobre October

Lactis Latte Milk

(b) INDIAN LANGUAGES

Sanskrit Punjabi Meaning

Bhukta Bhatta Allowance (Rice)

Saktu Sattu Barley flour

Rakta Ratta Blood (Red)

Tikta Titta (or Teet) Bitter (Sour)

Rule 11. The conjunct ‘pt’ in the classical language changes into ‘tt’ in the modern language. This rule, as well as the one exemplified above, can be combined into one generalization, viz. simplification of the conjuncts and reduplication of the succeeding consonants.

Examples.

(a) EUROPEAN LANGUAGES