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Part II
Developmental Theory in Overview
super-athletes are talking about the synchrony or symmetry of their
(physical) development. To a triathlete, the observation that one skill
is relatively weaker than others means defeat. To the developmental
psychologist, the same observation defines de´calage.
In the context of child development, de´calage describes important
developmental differences within an individual. For Piaget, the idea of
horizontal de´calage captures the “systematic and necessary” (Feldman,
2004, p. 175) fact that a single cognitive capacity is evident in one
functional domain much earlier than it is evident in others. For example,
children arguably manifest the cognitive skill known as permanence
(see chapter 3) much sooner with regard to objects than they do with
people (Slaughter & Boh, 2001). As another example, a child’s conserva-
tion of matter may be evident by 6 or 7 years of age, even though
conservation of weight doesn’t appear until age 9 or 10 and conservation
of volume isn’t evident until age 11 or 12 (Montangero & Maurice-
Naville, 1994).
1
These developmental asynchronies are due, in part, to differences
in domain-specific opportunity, experience, salience, and instruction.
Thus, the experience of living in South Africa likely bears on the observa-
tion that South African 4- to 12-year-olds understand the physics of
heat well before they demonstrate an understanding of the physics of
cold (Slaughter & Boh, 2001). Several authors (e.g., Ari, Bal, Turgul,
Uzmen, & Ydogan 2000; Onyehalu, 1983) demonstrate that explicit
training can facilitate a child’s use of conservation or seriation skills
across domains, thereby decreasing de´calage, an achievement that facili-
tates educational outcomes, such as math grades (Strickland, Jane, Moul-
ton, White, & Schou, 2008). Even a child’s understanding of pretend in
play can be similarly facilitated (Rakoczy, Tomasello, & Striano, 2006).
The idea of de´calage can be interpreted more broadly—with apolo-
gies to Piaget—to refer to differences within the individual across differ-
ent domains of development.
2
Rather than speaking about domain
differences within cognitive development, this alternate application of
the concept describes asynchronies between areas of development
within the individual (Silverman, 1997). Like the triathlete whose biking
skills far exceed her swimming and running skills, this sense of de´calage
might describe a child whose language skills far exceed her cognitive,
social, and emotional skills. Using the concept of de´calage in this sense
opens the door to discussing an individual’s unique profile of develop-
mental strengths and weaknesses, to conceptualizing relevant family
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