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Part II
Developmental Theory in Overview
advance of the sale: speed, weather, number of passengers and load
weight, road surface and incline, type of tires, and wind resistance.
Closer to home, parents and teachers concerned with a child’s grades
will often request that an intelligence test be administered, seldom
aware that the test can only speak to the child’s
capacity
for learning.
When a discrepancy appears between IQ and actual achievement, the
conversation must turn to consideration of the relevant impediments
to learning—those factors that may be getting in the way of the child
fulfilling his or her capacity—including emotions, learning disabilities,
teaching methods, and classroom conditions (read more about IQ in
chapter 3 and IQ testing in chapter 15).
Closer still, most family law professionals are familiar with the
dilemma that can arise when the courts order an assessment of an
individual’s “parenting capacity” (Otto & Edens, 2002). Those proce-
dures and tests intending to measure this concept (e.g., Ackerman,
2005; Bow, Flens, Gould, & Greenhut, 2006; Bricklin & Halbert, 2004;
Flens, 2005) are abstract and hypothetical. Just like the car’s advertised
mpg and the child’s IQ, a great many limitations may stand between a
parent’s actual caregiving practices and his or her abstract capacity.
1
When a measure has established reliability and validity (see chapter
2) but overestimates actual performance, we must talk instead about
performance impediments. These are the incline of the road as it limits
the car’s fuel efficiency, the experience of bullying as it limits a student’s
application of his or her native intelligence, and the sixth sleepless
night up with a baby’s croup as it frustrates the adult’s well-intended
parenting behavior. In the context of child development, performance
impediments include those stresses that hinder a child’s ability to think
and behave to his or her mature best. These can include state-related
discomforts (e.g., fatigue, hunger, heat, cold) and acute physical illness
or injury (e.g., flu or broken bone), transitory stresses (e.g., acute
conflict, interruptions of routine), and profound stresses (e.g., abuse,
neglect, loss, severe injury, chronic illness).
This chapter discusses defense mechanisms, those natural and nec-
essary psychological tools with which we each manage the stresses that
would otherwise drown us in sensation and information and emotion.
Among the defense mechanisms, developmental regression poses a par-
ticular paradox to investigating family law professionals. In short: If
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