Lying and the Self-Serving Bias
Self-serving bias is the normative and expectable tendency in all people
to credit themselves with success and blame others for failure (Shepperd,
Malone, & Sweeny, 2008) so as “to maintain and protect positive self-
views” (Krusemark, Campbell, & Clementz, 2008, p. 511) and/or to
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Part II
Developmental Theory in Overview
“manage the impressions they make on others” (Ross, Smith, Spiel-
macher, & Recchia, 2004, p. 61). Children in the preschool/kindergar-
ten age range are prone to simply deny their own negative behaviors,
preferring to blame others, including invisible friends. By 9–10 years
of age, children may omit any reference to their own negative behaviors
in spontaneous dialogue but, when queried, are more likely than their
younger peers to take responsibility, albeit with elaborate rationaliza-
tions (frequently amounting to “but he did it first!”). Wilson and col-
leagues (2004, p. 39), summarizing with regard to children’s ability to
acknowledge responsibility for sibling conflict, report that “children
were systematically biased in favor of their own innocence, and older
siblings were more self-serving in their use of justifications than their
younger siblings. The number and complexity of justifications increased
with siblings’ age, whereas denials were more frequently relied upon
by younger siblings.”
The likelihood of denial of one’s own culpability increases with
perceived threat (Roese & Olson, 2007), in the same manner and for
the same reason that lying increases. To the extent that children with
secure attachment experiences are less likely to feel threatened and are
better able to cope when threat occurs, securely attached children are
more likely to acknowledge their own behaviors and to be able to do
so at a younger age.
Two studies bear on the question of how to minimize children’s self-
serving bias in interview:
■
Johnston and Lee (2005) examined 5- to 7- and 8- to 11-year-old
boys’ attribution of blame for negative events. When questions about
the responsibility for these events were phrased as if they concerned
a hypothetical other child rather than the interviewee himself, their
attributions were much more accurate.
■
Lyon and Dorado (2008) studied 5- to 7-year-old children with a
history of mistreatment. In this study, children who made an explicit
promise to tell the truth and who were reassured that truth-telling
would not yield harm were more likely to tell the truth than either
those who only promised/reassured or those who did neither.
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