THE IMPACT AND MEANING OF TPR TO THE CHILD
A child’s experience of TPR will vary as a function of developmental
capacities at separation (often mistaken for age), how the parent–child
relationship was maintained or neglected during the separation, and
how the loss is explained. At one extreme, a child removed (or relin-
quished) at birth and immediately placed with foster/adoptive caregivers
might have no sense of the loss until it becomes a matter of social
consequence among peers in grade school or a question of identity and
autonomy for the young teenager.
At the other extreme, an older child or adolescent whose fledgling
identity is deeply rooted in his or family (no matter how dysfunctional)
is likely to find removal, interim care, and out-of-home permanent
placement traumatic.
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The resulting rage, depression, anxiety, and act-
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