Chapter 11
Growing Up Apart: Child–Parent Separation
193
me-here-now neediness within every child, regardless of age, resonates
first and foremost with the
fact
of the parent’s absence, not the “why”
of it.
15,16
Armsden and Lewis (1993) suggest that we should understand a
child’s experience of parental illness and associated unavailability across
four dimensions: (a) as it impacts felt security, (b) the extent to which
the parent’s illness is personalized in the form of self-blame or as shared
symptoms, (c) in terms of how the child understands his or her own
associated vulnerability, and (d) in relation to the child’s associated
fantasies of rescue or loss or escape. Across studies, (Bibace & Walsch,
1979; Birenbaum, Yancey, Phillips, Chand, & Huster, 1999; Compas
et al., 1994; Diareme et al., 2007; Osborn, 2007; Romer et al., 2002),
these dimensions can be tracked as they play out by age groups in the
context of a parent’s debilitating illness or hospitalization. In short:
1.
Unable to delay gratification and without the cognitive and linguistic
means of tempering their responses, infants react to a parent’s absence
quickly and instinctively by crying and clinging, progressing into
the grief of loss and associated interruptions of eating and sleeping
routines. These reactions can occur even when the parent remains
physically present but becomes emotionally unavailable, as can be the
case with parental depression (Lagan, Knights, Barton, & Boyce, 2009).
2.
In the toddler period, a parent’s absence can exacerbate otherwise
typical tantrums, magnifying oppositionality and impeding further
development. This affect is amplified when a parent’s incapacity and/
or guilt hinder his or her firm, calm, and consistent responses.
3.
Preschoolers are most likely to blame themselves for the loss, fantasiz-
ing an egocentric connection between their own wish or naughty
behavior and the parent’s illness or absence.
17
By the same token,
children in this period may believe that a particular behavior, thought,
or wish will “make Mommy all better.” Regression occurs when recent
developmental successes (e.g., toileting, sleeping alone, weaning) are
lost in the face of a parent’s continuing absence.
4.
School-age children begin to be able to connect absence, illness, and
death and thus fear that the parent may never return. This realization
can spark renewed regression and/or acting out, with the additional
cost to academic and social functioning.
5.
Adolescents may be more deeply affected by parental illness than their
7- to 11-year-old peers, especially teenage girls when their mothers
are ill (Quinn-Beers, 2001; Osborn, 2007; Romer et al., 2002). This
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