14.
Divorce:
A number of studies support Guidubaldi and Duck-
worth’s (2001, p. 106) observation that “children’s cognitive
performance is adversely affected by parental divorce.” How-
ever, none of the related research—nor the general discussion
118
Part II
Developmental Theory in Overview
of divorce—distinguishes between the child’s experience of
coparental conflict and divorce itself (Garber, 2008a).
Cognitively Precocious Children
The cognitively precocious child
9
may feel understimulated (which is
often expressed as boredom) and different than his or her peers, but
is likely to have the social and emotional resources to cope adequately
with these experiences. Gifted kids are found time and again to be at
no greater risk for psychopathology than their cognitively typical peers
(Gallucci, 1988; Jackson & Peterson, 2003), even if their risk of perfec-
tionism and associated anxiety might be greater (Neihart, 2002a, 2002b;
Peterson & Ray, 2006a, 2006b; Peterson & Rischar, 2000). Despite
conventional wisdom (and stories dramatized in the media) to the
contrary, cognitively precocious children are no more vulnerable to self-
destructive acts and suicide than others, allowing that the exceptions do
garner a great deal of attention (Cross, Gust-Brey, & Ball, 2002). In
fact, research suggests that gifted children as young as 10 years of age
tend to develop assertiveness, dominance, creativity, self-sufficiency,
positive self-esteem, and internal locus of control
10
(Haier & Denham,
1976; Lehman & Erdwins, 1981, 2004) well in advance of their peers,
attributes that are associated with psychological resilience (Ciccehetti &
Garmezy, 1993).
11
The concept of resilience in psychology refers to the search for those
elements of personality, relatedness, and experience that together deter-
mine who will manage stress successfully and who will not (Rutter,
2007). Waugh, Fredrickson, and Taylor (2008, p. 1031) describe resil-
ience as the ability to “maintain psychological stability and experience
fewer mental health problems” in the face of negative life events. In
addition to a solid foundation of empirical study of childhood resilience
in the face of family stresses (Emery & Forehand, 1996; Li, Nussbaum, &
Richards, 2007; Luthar & Zelazo, 2003; Masten & Reed, 2002), interest
in the concept of resilience has blossomed in response to contemporary
Western concerns with terrorism, war, and natural disaster (Garbarino,
2008).
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