2.
be refuted by Socrates.
6.
7.
8.
9.
love of pleasure and money, in the stomach). But in this chapter
I’ll simplify it as a dual-process model, pitting reason (above the
neck) against the two sets of passions (below).
10.
This famous phrase was coined by Herbert Spencer, but Darwin
used it too.
11.
Darwin 1998/1871, part I, chapter 5. More on this in chapter 9.
12.
The idea was developed by Herbert Spencer in the late
nineteenth century, but it goes back to Thomas Malthus in the
eighteenth century. Darwin did believe that tribes competed
with tribes (see chapter 9), but he was no social Darwinist,
according to Desmond and Moore 2009.
13.
Hitler was a vegetarian too, but nobody would argue that
endorsing vegetarianism makes one a Nazi.
14.
Pinker 2002, p. 106.
15.
Rawls remains one of the most cited political philosophers. He is
famous for his thought experiment in Rawls 1971 asking people
to imagine the society they would design if they had to do so
from behind a “veil of ignorance” so that they would not know
what position they would eventually occupy in that society.
Rationalists tend to love Rawls.
16.
Wilson’s exact words bear repeating, for they were prophetic:
“Ethical philosophers intuit the deontological canons of morality
by consulting the emotive centers of their own hypothalamic-
limbic system. This is also true of the developmentalists [such as
Kohlberg], even when they are being their most severely
objective. Only by interpreting the activity of the emotive
centers as a biological adaptation can the meaning of the canons
be deciphered.” E. O. Wilson 1975, p. 563.
17.
E. O. Wilson 1998.
18.
Leading biologists such as Stephen Jay Gould and Richard
Lewontin wrote diatribes against sociobiology that explicitly
linked science to the political agenda of social justice. See, for
example, Allen et al. 1975.
19.
See Pinker 2002, chapter 6.
20.
The exception to this statement was work on empathy by Martin
Ho man, e.g., Ho man 1982.
21.
De Waal 1996. I read this one after graduate school, but I had
gotten interested in de Waal’s work during grad school.
22.
Damasio 1994.
23.
Three very in uential works that brought emotions into
morality were Passions Within Reason by the economist Robert
Frank, Wise Choices, Apt Feelings by the philosopher Allan
Gibbard, and Varieties of Moral Personality by the philosopher
Owen Flanagan. Also, work by the social psychologist John
Bargh was a crucial element of the revival of automatic
processes—i.e., intuition, and the little ashes of a ect that will
feature prominently in
chapter 3
. See Bargh and Chartrand
1999.
24.
I date the rebirth to 1992 because that is when an in uential
volume appeared with the provocative title The Adapted Mind:
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