The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion


THE DURKHEIMIAN STORY: BY-PRODUCTS, THEN MAYPOLES



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THE DURKHEIMIAN STORY: BY-PRODUCTS, THEN MAYPOLES

David Sloan Wilson, a biologist at Binghamton University, was the

most vigorous protester at the trial, conviction, and banishment of

group  selection  in  the  1970s.  He  then  spent  thirty  years  trying  to

prove that group selection was innocent. He produced mathematical

demonstrations  that  genetic  group  selection  could  indeed  occur,

under special conditions that might well have been the conditions of

earlier  human  societies.

37

  And  then  he  did  the  di cult  cross-



disciplinary work of exploring the history of many religions, to see if

they truly provided those special conditions.

38

Wilson’s  great  achievement  was  to  merge  the  ideas  of  the  two



most important thinkers in the history of the social sciences: Darwin

and  Durkheim.  Wilson  showed  how  they  complete  each  other.  He

begins with Darwin’s hypothesis about the evolution of morality by

group selection, and he notes Darwin’s concern about the free rider

problem.  He  then  gives  Durkheim’s  de nition  of  religion  as  a

“uni ed  system  of  beliefs  and  practices”  that  unites  members  into

“one  single  moral  community.”  If  Durkheim  is  right  that  religions

create  cohesive  groups  that  can  function  like  organisms,  then  it

supports Darwin’s hypothesis: tribal morality can emerge by group

selection. And if Darwin is right that we are products of multilevel

selection,  including  group  selection,  then  it  supports  Durkheim’s

hypothesis: we are Homo duplex, designed (by natural selection) to

move  back  and  forth  between  the  lower  (individual)  and  higher

(collective) levels of existence.




In  his  book  Darwin’s  Cathedral,  Wilson  catalogues  the  ways  that

religions  have  helped  groups  cohere,  divide  labor,  work  together,

and  prosper.

39

  He  shows  how  John  Calvin  developed  a  strict  and



demanding  form  of  Christianity  that  suppressed  free  riding  and

facilitated  trust  and  commerce  in  sixteenth-century  Geneva.  He

shows how medieval Judaism created “cultural fortresses that kept

outsiders  out  and  insiders  in.”

40

  But  his  most  revealing  example



(based on research by the anthropologist Stephen Lansing)

41

 is the



case of water temples among Balinese rice farmers in the centuries

before Dutch colonization.

Rice farming is unlike any other kind of agriculture. Rice farmers

must  create  large  irrigated  paddies  that  they  can  drain  and  ll  at

precise times during the planting cycle. It takes a cast of hundreds.

In  one  region  of  Bali,  rainwater  ows  down  the  side  of  a  high

volcano through rivulets and rivers in the soft volcanic rock. Over

several centuries the Balinese carved hundreds of terraced pools into

the  mountainside  and  irrigated  them  with  an  elaborate  series  of

aqueducts and tunnels, some running underground for more than a

kilometer.  At  the  top  of  the  whole  system,  near  the  crest  of  the

volcano,  they  built  an  immense  temple  for  the  worship  of  the

Goddess  of  the  Waters.  They  sta ed  the  temple  with  twenty-four

full-time  priests  selected  in  childhood,  and  a  high  priest  who  was

thought to be the earthly representative of the goddess herself.

The lowest level of social organization was the subak, a group of

several extended families that made decisions democratically. Each


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