The publication of this Handbook was supported by the Russian Federation

Characteristics of newly developed agents: Adaptogenic substances or agents are synthesized 
from lignite (brown coal) from the mines of  Oi-Karagai and Kiyakty in Kazakhstan. These are 
small-volume agents applied in very low doses, as compared to their alternatives. For instance, a 
0.8% solution of  the C-1-1 agent for seed treatment is applied at a rate of  8 g/ha and a 0.04% 
solution of  the PA-2-1 agent for plant spraying – 120 g/ha.
Effects: Adaptogenic substances help to increase the germination and viability of  seeds, the 
resistance of  plants to diseases and adverse environmental conditions and the speed of  development 
of  root systems and above-ground mass. As a result, grain crops ripen 7-16 days earlier than 
normally.
The use of  new chemical agents in agriculture results in a 30-70% increase in plant production. 
Adaptogenic substances containing humic acids are not a source or replacement of  nutrients for 
plants, but only serve to boost the nutrient uptake by plants, both from the natural nutrient pool 

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Chapter 5.Innovative methods and technologies for amelioration of salt-affected soils and agroforestry practices in marginal landscapes 
of  soil and fertilizers applied. Therefore, adaptogenic substances should be used in a mixture or in 
combination with mineral fertilizers.
Agricultural nanotechnologies can find application in maize growing regions of  Almaty, Jambyl 
and Southern Kazakhstan.
5.2.3. Innovative technologies for the use of saline-alkaline soils under green forest plantations
The innovative method of  reclamation and use of  Soda-Solonchak-Solonetz was developed at 
the U.U. Uspanov Kazakh Research Institute of  Soil Science and Agrochemistry. This method 
is based on the practical utilization of  industrial wastes coming from the Stepnogorsk Chemical 
Plant (phosphogypsum) and thermoelectric plants in Astana and Karaganda cities (ash – the 
product of  coal combustion). The prospective use of  these wastes is favoured by their low costs 
(transportation, crushing and fractionation) and the presence of  nutrients (phosphorus, calcium, 
potassium, nitrogen compounds and micronutrients) in their composition. Kazakhstan has almost 
inexhaustible reserves of  such wastes to be used in soil amelioration.