The publication of this Handbook was supported by the Russian Federation

Box 1. Brief  descriptions of  chemical ameliorators – SACA, AS and PFCA
SACA – supra-atomic chemical agent. This is a readily hydrolysable agent applied to flooded soil, where it 
forms iron hydroxide and sulphuric acid. The latter neutralizes the carbonate alkalinity caused by the presence 
of  sodium carbonate and bicarbonate. As a result, sodium sulphate (Na
2
SO
4
) is produced, which is easily leached 
from soil together with other soluble salts.
AS – adaptogenic substance is an agent synthesized by A.G. Mamonov (2008) from lignite (brown coal) 
of  the B3 brand from the mines of  Oi-Karagai and Kiyakty, extracts from wild plants of  Kazakhstan and 
other special substances. The mechanism of  its action, which was experimentally demonstrated by the inventor, 
resulted in two- to three-fold increases in the bioenergy of  seeds and plants during the early stages of  their 
development, as compared to that of  the control.