The participle

THE PARTICIPLE
Piloting 2007-2008


PARTICIPLE


Participle I Participle II
verbal + adjectival + adverbial features verbal + adjectival features
Seeing Petra, David smiled. That was the main question asked.

PARTICIPLE I

Verbal features	Adjectival features	Adverbial features
Category of voice, e.g. The mother was taking her son to school when she was attacked by the kidnapper. (Active Voice) The boy was being taken to school, when he was kidnapped. (Passive Voice) Category of correlation, e.g. Writing essays I use dictionaries a lot. (Non-Perfect) Having written the essay I began editing it. (Perfect) Combinability with direct, indirect and prepositional object, e.g. Reading books, he forgot about everything. (direct object) Looking at the boy, the nurse was whispering something. (prepositional object) Can be modified by an adverb, e.g. Having eaten (how?) hurriedly, John sat down to business.	Function as an attribute, Everybody looked at the laughing man. I was woken up by the rain pattering on the roof.	Function as an adverbial modifier, Having parked his car, David looked at his watch. (adv. mod of time)

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF PARTICIPLE I

Correlation/Voice	Active	Passive
Non-Perfect	Addle spent a lot of time writing letters to her friends. Translating from English into Russian, the translator should know both languages very well.	Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to read. Being translated into many languages, this novel is known in many countries of the world.
Perfect	Having written the letter, Adel dressed and went to the post office. Having translated the novel into English, the translator took it to the editor.	Having been written in haste, Adel’s letter had many mistakes. Having been translated many years ago, the novel is unlikely to be published in this version.

Notes:

1. 
   Though participle I and gerund coincide in form, they differ in functions.
   
2. 
   Non-perfect participle may denote a second action that follows immediately after the first one, forming its part or being its result,
   

e.g. Steven fell from the stairs, hurting his knee. The secretary left, carefully closing the door behind her.