Mevalarning xili, turlari inobatga olinsa, fruit so‘zi -s ko‘plik qo‘shimchasini
qabul qiladi: There are apples, plums and other fruits on the table (Stolda olma,
gilos va boshqa mevalar bor.)
Nouns used only in plural
(Faqat ko‘plikda ishlatiladigan otlar)
Yuqorida o‘zbek tilida faqatgina ko‘plikda ishlatiladigan -- jamlovchi otlar
haqida ma’lumot bergan edik. Ingliz tilida
1
ham shu turdagi otlarni kuzatish
mumkin. Ular quyidagilar:
1) juft otlar: scissors, trousers, spectacles, scales, tongs.These scissors are very
sharp. (Bu qaychi juda o‘tkir.) Your trousers are too long.( Sizning shimingiz
juda uzun.) My spectacles are on the table. (Mening ko‘zoynagim stol ustida.)
2) goods (tovar), contents (ma’no), clothes (kiyim), wages( maosh), riches
(boylik) so‘zlari faqatgina ko‘plikda ishlatiladi. These goods are from Moscow (
Bu mollar Moskvadan.) The contents of the letter have not been changed (
Xatning ma’nosi o‘zgartirilmagan.) His clothes were wet in the rain (Uning
kiyimlari yomg‘irda ho‘l bo‘lgan edi.)
3) People (odamlar) so‘zi forma jihatdan birlikda bo‘lsa ham, ma’nosi ko‘plikni
ifodalaydi: There were many people in the room. (Xonada odam ko‘p edi.)
People (xalq, millat) ma’nosida ishlatilsa, -s ko‘plik qo‘shimchasini qabul qiladi:
He traveled much and saw many people. (U ko‘p sayohat qildi va ko‘p millatlarni
ko‘rdi.)
The category of case
1
Каушанская В.Л. Грамматика английского языка. Л.: 1973. стр.14.
(Otlarda kelishik kategoriyasi)
O‘zbek tilida an`anaviy tilshunoslikda uzoq yillar kelishik kategoriyasi ingliz,
rus tillaridagi kabi ot so‘z turkumi tarkibida o‘rganib kelinar edi. Biroq
keyingi formal – funksional yo‘nalishdagi tadqiqot natijalari kelishiklarning
aloqa – munosabat shakllari bo‘lib, ular sof sintaktik vazifa – so‘z birikmasi va
gapni shakllantirishga xizmat qiluvchi morfologik kategoriya ekanligidan kelib
chiqqan holda ularni faqat mazkur turkumga bog‘lab qo‘yish to‘g‘ri
emasligini isbotladi. Shunga ko‘ra kelishiklar paradigmasi o‘zbek tilida ot
so‘z turkumi tarkibida o‘rganilmaydi, kelishik kategoriyasi gap tarkibida,
deyarli, barcha mustaqil so‘z turkumlarini, nutq sharoitiga ko‘ra ba’zi so‘z –
gaplarni ham sintaktik aloqaga kirituvchi alohida grammatik kategoriyadir.
Quyida kelishiklarning ingliz tiliga xos xususiyatlari to‘g‘risida mulohaza
yuritamiz.
. Ingliz tilida bir otning boshqa otga taalluqli ekanligini, bir otning boshqa otga
bo `lgan munosabatini of predlogi ifodalaydi va bu o‘zbek tilida qisman
qaratqich kelishigi qo‘shimchasi [–ning]ga teng keladi: The leg of the table.
(Stolning oyog‘i.) Give me a glass of water. (Menga bir stakan suv bering.)
Bosh kelishikdagi ot har qanday predlog bilan ishlatilaveradi: The letter is for
the teacher ( Xat o‘qituvchi uchun.) I agree with the doctor( Men doktorning
fikriga qo‘shilaman.) I have received a letter from the manager.( Men boshliqdan
xat oldim. )
Genitive case of nouns
(Otlarda qaratqich kelishigi)
Otlarda qaratqich kelishigi boshqa otga nisbatan aniqlovchi vazifasini bajaradi.
Ko‘pchilik hollarda jonli predmetlar qaratqich kelishigida ishlatiladi. Ingliz
tilida qaratqich kelishigi birlikdagi otning oxiriga –‘s qo‘shish bilan yasaladi.
–‘s tovushi jarangsiz undoshlardan keyin [s], jarangli undoshdan keyin [z],
sirg‘aluvchi, shovqinli undoshlardan.keyin [iz], unlilardan keyin [z] tovushini
beradi. The girl’s hat [Әә gә:lz h æ t].(Qizning shlyapasi.) Jack’s friend [dzæks
frend]. (Jekning do‘sti). The noun’s leg [Әә ho: siz leg].( Otning oyog‘i).
1. –‘s qaratqich kelishigi formasi qo‘shma otlarning oxirgi elementiga qo‘shiladi:
My brother – in – law’s library.
2. Ikki va undan ortiq kishiga bir predmet taalluqli bo‘lsa, qaratqich kelishigi
oxirgi so‘zga qo‘shiladi: Peter and Helen’s flat is large.
3. Ot aniqlovchi vazifasida ishlatilib, undan keyin boshqa aniqlovchilar
qo‘llanilsa, qaratqich kelishikli ot ulardan oldin ishlatiladi: The student’s new
book, Kate’s best friend, bu iboradagi the aniq artikli bookga emas, student
so‘ziga tegishli. Bunday iboralarda –‘s o‘rnida ba’zan of predlogi ishlatiladi:
My friend’s father – the father of my friend. The teacher’s question – the question
of the teacher.
4. Ko‘plik formasi talaffuz jihatidan –s ga o‘xshash, shuning uchun ham
aniqlovchi vazifasida kelgan qaratqich kelishigidagi ot o‘rnida of
konstruksiyasini ishlatish qulayroq: Where did you place the worker’s tools
o‘rnida where did you place the tools of the workers ishlatiladi.
5. Ikki qaratqichli ot kamdan-kam bir joyda ishlatiladi: He is my sister’s
husband’s father gapini nutq talabiga xos quyidagicha ifodalash yaxshiroq: He
is the father of my sister’s husband. So‘zlar guruhi bir ma’noni ifodalab
qaratqichli aniqlovchi vazifasida kelsa, -s oxirgi so‘zga qo‘shiladi: My elder
brother Peter’s son is in hospital. Bu holda of konstruksiyali qaratqichni
ishlatish yaxshiroq: The son of my elder brother Peter is in hospital.
6. Predlogli va qaratqich formasiga ega bo‘lgan otlardan keyin house,office, shop
so‘zlari tushiriladi: at the chemist’s (shop), I dined at my brother’s (house), she
went to the baker’s (shop).
7. Jonli predmetlardan tashqari quyidagi otlar –s qabul qiladi:
a) vaqt va masofani ifodalovchi otlar: I had a month’s holiday. He lives at a
kilometre’s distance from here.
b) mamlakatlar, kemalar va shaharlarni ifodalovchi otlar: Moscow is Russia’s
greatest scientific and cultural centre. Moscow’s theatres are the best in the
world. The “Neva ‘s” cargo was very heavy.
World, country, city, ship so‘zlari ham ‘s qabul qiladi: Our country’s cotton is
very valuable. The ship’s crew stood on deck.
Ba’zi tayyor iboralar ham ‘s qabul qiladi: for order’s sake – tartib uchun, for old
acquaintance’s sake – eski do‘stlik tufayli, at a stone’s throw – ikki qadamda.
The category of gender
(Otlarda rod kategoriyasi)
Ma’lumki, o‘zbek tilida rod kategoriyasi mavjud emas. Bu kategoriya, asosan,
arab, rus, ingliz, nemis kabi tillar uchun xosdir.
Ingliz tilida:
Akbar – he
Dildor – she
A pen – it
A cat – it
agar jinsi noaniq bo‘lsa
A dog - it
A pupil – he / she
Jins ma’nosini konkretlashtirish maqsadida:
a school – boy a school – girl
a girl – friend a boy – friend
a he – cousin a she – cousin
a she – wolf a she – wolf
Qadimiy ingliz tilidan meros sifatida qolgan rodni ifodalovchi otlar:
actor – actress host – hostess poet – poetess
lion – lioness tiger –tigress
Mamlakatga siyosiy birlik sifatida qaralsa, u she bilan almashadi: England
imports many goods. The value of her import is great.
Ship (kema) so‘zi she bilan almashadi: The ship left the port in the morning. She
has a cargo of coal on board.
Ko‘rsatish olmoshlarining ot bilan ishlatilishi: This house is big - These
houses are big - That house is big – Those houses are big.
Qaratqichli olmoshlarning ot bilan birikishi: my room , your room , his
room, her room, our room, their room.
Otlar noaniq olmoshlar bilan birikadi: many books, much water, little water, few
books, some people, some books, some water. Take some book you like.
Every day he comes here. Each pupil knows it.
Otlar so‘roq olmoshlari bilan birikadi: Whose book is this? On which floor do
you live? What books do you like?
Ot bilan ifodalangan aniqlovchi aniqlanmishdan oldin ishlatiladi. Agar
aniqlanmishning yana boshqa aniqlovchilari bo‘lsa, u yoki ular ot bilan
ifodalangan aniqlovchi va aniqlanmish o‘rtasida ishlatiladi: The Uzbek literary
language. Oleg‘s first scientific work was a great success.
Qaratqichli olmoshlar va qaratqichli otlar aniqlanmishning boshqa
aniqlovchilaridan oldin ishlatiladi: My first impression was wonderful. Repin’s
best pictures are in the Tretyakov Gallery. I didn’t hear Peter’s last words.
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