[The name of the series like] Linköping University Medical Dissertation

Exempel på löptext, Harvadsystemet/Text Example, the Harvard System

Textexempel/Text Example

It has been described as a means to increase the success-rate of ex-corporeal assisted conception technologies such as in vitro fertilisation,⁶ particularly for women above a certain age and women who have had previous miscarriages. It has been held that these women’s embryos may carry chromosomal deviations and such deviations have been considered a main reason why implantations fail or the women miscarry. Embryos with chromosomal deviations can be sorted out after genetic screening (Wilton 2002; Rubio et al. 2003; Werlin et al. 2004).

Whereas PGD and preimplantation genetic screening are performed in some European countries today (Sermon 2005 et al.),⁷ this is not the case with the second technology discussed in this study. Germ-line gene therapy is not performed on humans.

The term gene therapy encompasses different strategies designed to overcome or alleviate disease by introducing or replacing genes or gene segments into the cell of an affected individual. Such a transfer can be performed with different technologies, biological as well as non-biological,⁸ and genetic material may be directly transferred into cells within a person (in vivo gene therapy). It may also be inserted in vitro, if cells are removed from the person, genetic material transferred and inserted in the cells and the cells replaced within the person.

Germ-line gene therapy that affects the germ cells has been discussed as an undesirable side-effect of in utero or adult somatic gene therapy (Coutelle et al. 2003). It is argued that during gene delivery, foreign DNA may be inserted into the germ cell genome and, if so, transmitted to future generations. The question has been whether – and if so what level of – insertion is tolerable (Kazazian 1999; Coutell & Rodeck 2002). Technologies are also being elaborated for detecting gene transfer in developing sperm so as to know whether these germ cells have been affected (Gordon 2003). GMGT has also been discussed as the result of insertion of a gene into the mitochondrial DNA⁹ in an embryo or into germ cells of an individual (ova, sperm and its progenitors). It has been discussed as a possible ‘treatment’ of certain mitochondrially encoded diseases, i.e. diseases due to DNA deviations in genes in the mitochondrial DNA, in embryos. The idea is to exchange the cytoplasm, so that the cell nucleus of one egg cell is transferred into an egg cell of another woman (whose cytoplasm contain no deviant mitochondria DNA) from which the cell nucleus has been removed (SOU 2004:20:319).

Whereas PGD and preimplantation genetic screening are performed in some European countries today (Sermon 2005 et al.),¹⁰ this is not the case with the second technology discussed in this study. Germ-line gene therapy is not performed on humans.

The term gene therapy encompasses different strategies designed to overcome or alleviate disease by introducing or replacing genes or gene segments into the cell of an affected individual. Such a transfer can be performed with different technologies, biological as well as non-biological,¹¹ and genetic material may be directly transferred into cells within a person (in vivo gene therapy). It may also be inserted in vitro, if cells are removed from the person, genetic material transferred and inserted in the cells and the cells replaced within the person.

Germ-line gene therapy that affects the germ cells has been discussed as an undesirable side-effect of in utero or adult somatic gene therapy (Coutelle et al. 2003). It is argued that during gene delivery, foreign DNA may be inserted into the germ cell genome and, if so, transmitted to future generations. The question has been whether – and if so what level of – insertion is tolerable (Kazazian 1999; Coutell & Rodeck 2002). Technologies are also being elaborated for detecting gene transfer in developing sperm so as to know whether these germ cells have been affected (Gordon 2003). GMGT has also been discussed as the result of insertion of a gene into the mitochondrial DNA¹² in an embryo or into germ cells of an individual (ova, sperm and its progenitors). It has been discussed as a possible ‘treatment’ of certain mitochondrially encoded diseases, i.e. diseases due to DNA deviations in genes in the mitochondrial DNA, in embryos. The idea is to exchange the cytoplasm, so that the cell nucleus of one egg cell is transferred into an egg cell of another woman (whose cytoplasm contain no deviant mitochondria DNA) from which the cell nucleus has been removed (SOU 2004:20:319).
Kapitel 7/Chapter 7

Exempel på referenslistor, Harvardsystemet/Example on Reference Lists, the Harvard System

En referenslista innehåller oftast referenser till en och samma författare men med olika årtal. Antingen skriver man ut samma författarenamn för varje referens eller skrivs namnet ut en gång och därefter använder man ett ”långt streck” (dubbla em-dash: ——). Om en författare, som förekommer i referenslistan flera gånger och som skrivit fler än en bok samma år, åtföljs årtalet med en bokstav: 2001a, 2001b osv. i den ordning böckerna givits ut.
A reference list often consists of references to the same author but with different year. Either one write the authors name for each reference or write the name once and instead of the author name use a long hyphern (double em.dash: ——). If an author in the reference list occur in the reference list several times and who has written more than book the same year is the years secluded by a letter: 2001a. 2001b in the same order the books was published.

References

Adelswärd, V. (1991) ‘Vems är poängen? En empirisk studie av den personliga berättelsen i institutionella samtal,’ Nysvenska studier, 70:71–93.

—— (1997) ‘Berättelser från älgpasset. Om metoder för att analysera jaktberättelsers struktur, poäng och sensmoral,’ in I. Hydén and L-C. Hydén (eds) Att studera berättelser, Stockholm: Liber AB.

Al-Odiab, A.N., Abu-Amero, K.K., Ozand, P.T. and Al-Hellani, A.M. (2003) ‘A new era for preventive genetic programs in the Arabian Peninsula,’ Saudi Medical Journal, 24:1168–1175.

Andersen, S. (2002) ‘Patienten – Etikken,’ Præimplantationsdiagnostik – En MTV Analyse, København: Center for Evaluering og Medicinsk Teknologivurdering, Sundhetsstyrelsen.

Anderson, W.F. (1989a) ‘Pre-protocol: In Utero Gene-Transfer for the Treatment of ADA-Deficiency SCID,’ The New Human Genetic Technologies: Science, Society, Politics – A Reader. Workshop on the Social Impacts of the New Human Genetic Technologies, Berkerley: University of California at Berkerley.

—— (1989b) ‘Human Gene Therapy: Why Draw a Line?,’ Journal of Medicine & Philosophy, 14:681–693.

Anton, C. (2001) ‘Beyond Theoretical Ethics: Bakhtinian Anti-Theoreticism,’ Human Studies, 24:211–225.

Aramini, M. (1999) La Procreazione Assistita. Scoprire il Senso di un Nuovo Modo di Nascere, Milano: Paoline Editoriale Libri.

Arnold, R. and Forrow, L. (1993) ‘Empirical Research in Medical Ethics: An Introduction,’ Theoretical Medicine, 14: 195–196.

Aulén, G. (1967) Kristen gudstro i förändringens värld, Stockholm: Verbum.

Axelrod, D.A. and Goold, S.D. (2000) ‘Maintaining trust in the surgeon-patient relationship. Challenges for the new millenium,’ Archives of Surgery, 135:55–61.

Baier, A.C. (1996) Moral Prejudices. Essays on Ethics, Cambridge, Massachussetts and London: Harvard University Press.

Barber, B. (1983) The Logic and Limits of Trust, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.

Bakshi, A-S. (2000) Tilltro och misstanke: Genteknik och fosterdiagnostik i det offentliga rummet, (Diss.) Linköping Studies in Arts and Science 207, Linköping: Linköping University Press.

Bauman, Z. (1995) Postmodern etik, Göteborg: Bokförlaget Daidalos AB.

Baylis, F. and Downie, J. (2001) ‘Professional recommendations: Disclosing facts and values,’ Journal of Medical Ethics, 27:20–24.

Beauchamp, T.L. and Childress, J.F. (2001 [1979]) Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Ed. 5, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society. Toward A New Modernity, London: SAGE.

Beecher, H.K. (1966) ‘Ethics in Clinical Research,’ New England Journal of Medicine, 274:1354–1360.

Benhabib, S. (1992) Autonomi och gemenskap. Kommunikativ etik, feminism och postmodernism, Göteborg: Bokförlaget Daidalos.

Benson, P. (1990) ‘Feminist Second Thoughts About Free Agency,’ Hypatia, 5:47–64.

Bergström, L. (1996) ‘Om livsåskådningar,’ Filosofisk tidsskrift, 16:3–32.

Bet. 1994/95: SoU18 Socialutskottets betänkande, Stockholm: Socialdepartementet.

Billig, M., Condor, S., Edwards, D., Gane, M., Middelton, D. and Radley, A. (1988) Idelogical Dilemmas. A Social Psychology of Everyday Thinking, London: SAGE Publications.

Billings, P.R. (1999) ‘In utero gene therapy. The case against,’ Nature Medicine, 5:255–256.

Birnbacher, D. (1999) ‘Ethics and social science. Which kind of co-operation?,’ Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 2:319–336.

Blum, L. (1991) ‘Moral Perception and Particularity,’ Ethics, 101:710–725.

Borry, P., Schotsmans, P. and Dierickx, K. (2005) ‘The Birth of the Empirical Turn in Bioethics,’ Bioethics, 19:49–71.

Bosch, X. (2004) ‘UK criticized for embryo screening decision,’ Nature Medicine, 10:1266.

Bosk, C. (1993) ‘The Work-Place Ideology of Genetic Counselors,’ in D.M. Bartel, B.S. LeRoy and A.L. Caplan (eds) Prescribing Our Future: Ethical Challenges in Genetic Counselling, New York: Alter De Gruyter.

CNB, Il Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica [The Italian National Committee for Bioethics] (1991) Terapia Genica, 15 Febbraio 1991. Available online at http://www.palazzochigi.it/bioetica/pareri.html (accessed 30 April 2005).

—— (1994) Pareri del Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica sulle Tecniche di Procreazione Assistita. Sintesi e Conclusioni 17 Giugno 1994. Available online at

http://www.palazzochigi.it/bioetica/pareri.html (accessed 30 April 2005).

—— (1995) La Fecondazione Assistita, 17 Febbraio 1995. Available online at http://www.palazzochigi.it/bioetica/pareri.html (accessed 30 April 2005).

—— (1996) Identità e Statuto dell’Embrione Umano, 22 giugno 1996. Available online at

http://www.palazzochigi.it/bioetica/pareri.html (accessed 30 April 2005).

Council of Europe (1997) ‘Convention for the protection of human rights and dignity of the human being with regard to the application of biology and medicine; convention on human rights and biomedicine (adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 19 November 1996),’ Human Reproduction, 12:2076–2080.

European Parliamentary Assembly (1982) Recommendation 934 (1982) On Genetic Engineering. Available online at

http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/ta82/EREC934.htm (accessed 6 July 2005).

Governo Italiano, Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (2005) Legge sulla Procreazione Assistita: Referendum 12 e 13 Giugno 2005. Online. Available at

http://www.governo.it/GovernoInforma/Dossier/procreazione_referendum (accessed 1 July 2005).

McCormick, R. (1987) Health and Medicine in the Catholic Tradition: Tradition in Transition, New York: Crossroad Publishing.

——. (1989) The Critical Calling. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

Meyers, D.T. (1987) ‘Personal Autonomy and the Paradox of Feminine Socialization,’ Journal of Philosophy, 84:619–628.

—— (1989) Self, Society, and Personal Choice, New York: Columbia University Press.

—— (2000) ‘Intersectional Identity and the Authentic Self? Opposites Attract!,’ in C. Mackenzie and N. Stoljar (eds) Relational Autonomy – Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency and the Social Self, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Et cetera, et cetera.

Chapter 8/Kapitel 8