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Oxfordsystemet/The Oxford System
Alla fotnoter kan skrivas enligt nedan med ett indrag om 5 cm från siffran räknat och andra raden ska börja där den första började. En referens till en bok kan se ut som exemplet nedan. Texten i Times New Roman 10 punkter och siffrorna i 9 punkter
All footnotes may be written following the examples below indented 0,5 cm (0.2") and with the second line starting at the margin. A reference to a book should be written as the example below. Footnote text in Times New Roman size 10 p and numbers in size 9 p.
Böcker /Books
1. Jane Lewis, What Price Community Medicine? The Philosophy, Practice and Politics of Public Health since 1919 (Brighton, 1986), pp. 10–11.
2. Virginia Berridge, Health and Society in Britain since 1939. Studies in Economic and Social History (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 20–21.
Artiklar/Articles
3. Asa Briggs, “Cholera and Society in the Nineteenth Century”, Past and Present, 19 (1961), 76–96.
4. Dorothy Porter, “Stratification and its discontents: professionalization and conflict in the British public health service, 1848–1914”, in E. Fee and R. M. Acheson, eds., A History of Public Health (Oxford, 1991), p. 115.
Harvardsystemet/The Harvard system
Harvardsystemet använder sig inte av fotnoter utan skriver referensen direkt i texten med en utförligare referens i referenslistan. Fotnötter används istället vid förklaringar.
Hänvisningar till Internet/References to the Internet
Se vår sida om hur man refererar till en URL-adress.
Se our page on how to refer to an URL-address.
Kapitel 3/Chapter 3
Referenslistor/Reference Lists
Referenslistan bör se ut som exemplet nedan. Den första raden bör vara vänsterställd mot marginalen, den andra och följande rader bör vara indragna med 0,5 cm.
The reference list should follow the examples below. The first line should extend to the margin and the second line and the following lines should be indented 0.5 cm (0.2").
Oxfordsystemet/The Oxford system Bok/Book
Ann G. Carmichael, Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence. Cambridge, 1986.
Tidksriftsartikel/Journal article
Brändström, Anders, Joel B. Greenhouse and Katherine A. Lynch, “Biometric Modeling in the Study of Infant Mortality: Evidence from Nineteenth-Century Sweden,” Historical Methods 31:2 (1998), 53–64.
Kapitel i en redigerad antologi som är en del av en serie/Chapter in an edited anthology that is part of a series
Edvinsson, Sören, “Adult mortality and childhood conditions. Long-term effects of urban life in 19th century Sweden,” pp. 247–268 in Lars-Göran Tedebrand och Peter Sköld, eds., Nordic Demography in History and Present-Day Society. Report no. 18 from the Demographic Data Base. Umeå University. Umeå, 2001.
Artikel i en konferensrapport/Article in a conference report
Garðarsdóttir, Ólöf, ”Redefining childhood and child-labour in a changing society. Gender division in children’s work in urban Island,” in Kjönn, makt, samfunn i Norden i et historiskt perspektiv, Volume II. Konferanserapport fra det 5. nordiske kvinnohistorikermötet 8–11 augusti 1996. Oslo, 1997.
Kapitel i bok med redaktör/Chapter in an edited book
Løkke, Anne, “Infancy and Old Age as Causes of Death,” pp. 55–73 in N. de Conick Smith and S. Mellemgaard, eds., Childhood and Old Age. Equals or Opposites, Odense, 1999.
Harvadsystemet/The Harvards system Bok/Book
Ann G. Carmichael. 1999. Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence. Cambridge.
Tidksriftsartikel/Journal article
Brändström, Anders, Joel B. Greenhouse and Katherine A. Lynch. 1998, Biometric Modeling in the Study of Infant Mortality: Evidence from Nineteenth-Century Sweden. In Historical Methods 31:2, 53–64.
Kapitel i en redigerad antologi som är en del av en serie/Chapter in an edited anthology that is part of a series
Edvinsson, Sören. 2001. Adult mortality and childhood conditions. Long-term effects of urban life in 19th century Sweden, In Nordic Demography in History and Present-Day Society. Report no. 18 from the Demographic Data Base. Umeå University. Umeå. Edited by Lars-Göran Tedebrand och Peter Sköld.
Artikel i en konferensrapport/Article in a conference report
Garðarsdóttir, Ólöf. ”Redefining childhood and child-labour in a changing society. Gender division in children’s work in urban Island,” in Kjönn, makt, samfunn i Norden i et historiskt perspektiv, Volume II. Konferanserapport. Paper presented at the 5 nordiske kvinnohistorikermötet, August 8–11 1996. Oslo, 1997.
Kapitel i bok med redaktör/Chapter in an edited book
Løkke, Anne. Infancy and Old Age as Causes of Death. In Childhood and Old Age. Equals or Opposites, edited by N. de Conick Smith and S. Mellemgaard, Odense.1999.
Referenser till Internet/References to the Internet
Se vår referensguide som även innehåller länkar till andra sidor.
See our page reference guide which also contains links to other pages.
Kapitel 4/Chapter 4
Exempel på löptext, Oxfordsystemet/Text Example, The Oxford System Textexempel/Text Example
In order to give some foundation to the story it is necessary to begin in the 18th century. Generally speaking the interest in population statistics that grew out of the mercantilistic search for knowledge concerning population resources has been extensively examined in a number of Swedish studies.1 With the appointment of Tabellkommissionen and the establishment of Tabellverket in the mid-eighteenth century, the foundation for statistical studies in population was laid in Sweden. This provided the basis for not only 18th century policy formation, but also the historical endeavors of later generations, a story that has been related in detail in Peter Sköld’s book Kunskap och kontroll – Den svenska befolkningsstatistikens historia [Knowledge and control – The History of Swedish Population Statistics] (2001). The gathering of parish based statistics, that were later aggregated to regional and national levels, were the subject of analysis by a number of scientists, especially those directly involved in the work of the commission. Let it suffice to mention only a couple here. One was the man often referred to as the father of Swedish statistics, Pehr Wargentin. During the years 1754–1755 six articles were published in Sweden’s leading scientific journal of the day, Vetenskapsakademiens handlingar, that dealt with fertility; the relationship between population growth, fertility and mortality; age-specific mortality and life expectancy; and causes of death. He later went on to analyze other elements of the statistics. Henric Nicander took over responsibilities at Tabellverket at the end of the century and carried out a necessary reorganization. He also made a number of important analyses and comparisons with Wargentin’s work.2
The nineteenth century saw the growth of significant problems in the collection of statistics that resulted the founding of the Central Bureau of Statistics (Statistiska centralbyrån) that began operation in 1860. The bureau’s first head, Fredrik Theodor Berg, had an illustrious medical career behind him when he took over the reins, after having served a decade as a member of the Tabellkommissionen. The publication series from the new bureau received the title Bidrag till Sveriges Officiella Statistik [Contributions to Sweden’s Official Statistics], and by the mid-1870’s boasted 22 series, increasing to 24 by 1893. Berg’s writings in the field reflected not only his new found interest in statistics, but also his earlier interest in the health of infants and children.3 One of his classical essays concerned seasonal variations in mortality.4 Such works by early statisticians provide significant material and insight into the thinking of previous centuries.
With the growing interest in public health and epidemics of infectious diseases in the late 19th century, numerous physicians published relevant material in what might be called medical topography or medical geography. These essays often analyzed various aspects of population statistics and compiled much useful material from raw tables. One example of such a person is Ernst Almqvist (1852–1946), a physician who served as health inspector in Stockholm, then as first city physician in Gothenburg 1883, and from 1891 as professor of public health (allmän hälsovårdslära) in Stockholm at Karolinska Institute. His many studies in infectious diseases were printed in the Swedish medical journals of the day, including his source critical analysis of causes of death in the church records, that is, the material on which the Swedish mortality material is based.5
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