The ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan

CHAPTER I


I.Modality
I.1 The concept of modality
Linguistics has come a long and winding way in the study of modality, based on the achievements of logic, semiotics and psychology. However, modality has not yet been fully explained due to its multidimensional nature, the specificity of linguistic expression and functional features. Researchers give different definitions of the category "modality". In the grammar of the Russian language all linguistic facts concerning all word combinations, introductory words, insertion constructions were formulated and brought into the system, but there has been no definition of modality yet. The first definition of modality is found in the linguistic dictionary of O.S. Akhmanova, which considers modality as a conceptual category with the meaning of the attitude of the speaker to the content of the statement and the attitude of the content of the statement to reality (the attitude of the reported to its real implementation), expressed by various lexical and grammatical means, such as form and inclination, modal verbs, etc. Modality can have the meaning of assertion, order, wish, assumption, validity, irreal, etc. The Dictionary of Linguistic Terms also provides a division of modality by type: 1) hypothetical (suppositional) modality, which implies the representation of the contents of the statement as hypothetical; ) verbal modality - the modality expressed by the verb; ) unreal modality - the representation of the contents of the statement as impossible, unrealizable; ) negative modality - the representation of the contents of the statement as inconsistent with reality . Russian grammar notes that, firstly, modality is expressed by multilevel means of language, secondly, it is indicated that the category of objective modality correlates with the category of predicative, thirdly, it outlines the range of phenomena related to the phenomena of modality: 1) meaning of reality - irreality: reality is denoted by syntactic indicative (present, past, future tense); irreality by irreal inclinations (subjunctive, conditional, desirable, inducement); ) subjective-modal meaning is the attitude of the speaker to the reported; ) the sphere of modality includes words (verbs, short adjectives, predicatives), which express possibility, desire, oughtness by their lexical meanings. The Russian Dictionary of Foreign Words gives the following definition: modality - (Fr. Modalite, Latin Modus inclination) - modality of judgment - the difference between logical judgments, depending on the nature of the certainty they establish - whether they express a necessary or only probable connection between the logical subject and the predicate. According to modality, judgements are distinguished: apodictic, assertorical, and problematic . Let us proceed to consider another definition: modality is a conceptual category with the meaning of the attitude of the speaker to the content of the statement and the attitude of the content of the statement to reality (the attitude of the reported to its actual implementation), expressed by various grammatical and lexical means, such as forms of mood, modal verbs, intonation, etc. Linguist V.V. Vinogradov in his work "Russian language" gave a broader definition of modality. It follows that "modality is not only a characteristic of reality and unreality, but also the speaker's attitude towards the utterance". From the definition we can see that two types of modality are distinguished: objective and subjective, but in the text it is difficult to distinguish a clear boundary between them. Many researchers, however, believe that modality in the text is subjective


I.2. Categories of Modality
Categories of modality As already noted by G.F. Musaeva, the category of modality is differentiated into two types: objective and subjective. Objective modality is an obligatory feature of any statement, one of the categories forming the predicate unit - sentence. This type of modality expresses the relation of the reported reality in terms of reality (realization or feasibility). Objective modality is organically connected with the category of time and is differentiated on the basis of temporal certainty - uncertainty. The meanings of time and reality-unreality are merged together; the complex of these meanings is called objective-modal meanings. Subjective modality is the speaker's attitude to what is being communicated. Unlike objective modality, it is an optional feature of an utterance. The semantic volume of subjective modality is much wider than the semantic volume of objective modality. The semantic base of subjective modality is constituted by the notion of evaluation in the wide sense of the word, including not only logical (intellectual, rational) qualification of reported, but also different kinds of emotional (irrational) reaction. To evaluative-characterizing meanings are meanings that combine expression of the subjective attitude to the reported with such its characteristic that can be considered not subjective, arising from the fact, event, from its qualities, properties, from the nature of its course in time or from its connections and relations with other facts and events. The sphere of modality includes: 1)opposition of statements by the nature of their communicative attitude; 2)gradations of meanings in the range "reality - irreality"; different degree of confidence of the speaker in the reliability of the thought formed in him about reality; different modifications of the connection between the subject and the predicate. It is important to note that modality is realized then on grammatical, then on lexical, then on intonational level, then on sections of statement as a whole and has different ways of expression, it is expressed by different grammatical and lexical means: special forms of moods; modal verbs (for example, Russian: may, must; English: must, can); other modal words (for example, Russian: seems, probably; English: perhaps, likely); intonational means. Different languages grammatically express different meanings of modality in different ways. Thus, English expresses the meaning of irreal modality with the special inflection Subjunctive II, for example: If you had come in time, we should have been able to catch the train. V. V. Vinogradov in his work "Studies in Russian Grammar" adhered to the concept that a sentence, reflecting reality in its practical social awareness, expresses a relation (attitude) to reality, so the category of modality is closely related to a sentence, to the variety of its types. Every sentence includes, as an essential constructive feature, a modal meaning, that is, it contains in itself an indication of the attitude to reality. He believed that the category of modality belongs to the basic, central linguistic categories, found in different forms in languages of different systems. V.V. Vinogradov also noted that the content of the category of modality and the forms of its detection are historically changeable