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be graded even if the text is ostensibly beyond the learners' level. Just locating a
gate number or a name in an otherwise complex and indistinct recording is a good
test of the ability to monitor and ignore the unnecessary.
2. Compare
and contrast tasks
See above for an example of this task type. Two similar but distinct events can
be described in speech for listeners to identify key words (e.g., roadside vs. harbour).
3. Matching tasks
Getting people to match a short audio description to a picture (or series of similar
pictures where only one represents the content of the text) is a good test of detailed
understanding.
4. Multiple-choice tests
These tests can be carefully targeted on particular items in the text to test the
ability to listen for detail, infer likely meaning of lexemes
and understand tense
relationships and so on. They can also be targeted at the ability to listen for gist and
identify key words and phrases.
The great disadvantage in terms of listening skills assessment is that the
learners need to hold all the alternatives in their heads while they are also being
required to focus on the text itself. Alternatives need to be kept short if cognitive
overload is to be avoided.
5. Directions and instructions
In these tests, learners may be required to listen and follow instructions. Such
tasks,
because of their artificiality, have limited uses but they do test intensive
listening skills. Popular topics are origami and following
directions to locate
something. They can be motivating and intriguing tests.
6. Labelling tasks
In these tasks, the learners are given a diagram of something fairly complicated
and asked to match the descriptions of various labels (A, B, C ...) to the parts of the
diagram that the listening text refers to. This is an important academic skill for some
learners but of limited utility in other settings.
7. Note-taking tasks
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In these tasks, the usual procedure is to require learners to take notes as they
listen and then, when the address or lecture is over, they are presented with questions
to answer on what they have heard and use the notes to respond. Providing there is
a
level playing field, i.e., that some of the learners are not able to answer the
questions without any reference to notes because they are familiar with the topic,
this can be a valid and reliable test of the skill.
8. Dictation
Dictation wanders in and out of fashion but is still seen as a reliable if not too
authentic way of testing listening ability. The text has to be carefully chosen to be
relevant. The problem with this sort of test is that it isn't always clear what's being
tested because a good deal depends on the learners' ability to deploy grammatical
knowledge and logic to infer what the text should be.
It is a fairly flexible procedure because we can force learners
to start with a
blank piece of paper or have them fill gaps in a text. The latter can be quite finely
targeted.