115 |
(14M),
piso
‘floor’ (14F),
agua
‘water’ (14H),
aire
‘air’ (14G) and
lado
‘side’ (14K). The
only nouns it does not attract are
mar
‘sea’ (14I) and
brazos
‘arms’ (14L).
(CdE:19-AC, Enc: Fútbol Americano)
(176) …el jugador
TIRA
la pelota
al
suelo
y le da una patada…
‘The player
DROPS
the ball
to the ground
and gives it a kick’
(177) Me
TIRO
sobre la
cama.
(CdE:19-F, Gazapo)
‘I
THROW
myself
on top of the bed
.’
It is problematic to give a semantic analysis of the results of the collostructional
analysis. The only verb that shows any clear behavior is
lanzar
: it only attracts the noun
aire
‘air’ (the nouns
mercado
‘market’
and
ataque
‘attack’ correspond to meaning extensions).
We could tentatively posit that
lanzar
in its physical sense refers to upward motion.
There also seems to be an indication that
tirar
means downward movement. The
DELE definition for
tirar
states that it means ‘to let something fall intentionally’. The choice
of the verb “fall” signals this downward movement.
This could help explain
tirar
’s
strong
attraction of
suelo
‘ground’.
Other data from the collostructional analysis, though, shows that the attraction (or
lack thereof) does not seem to be due only to semantics.
Tirar
attracts
aire
‘air’, which calls
into question the presumption that this verb means to fall or move downward.
Echar
slightly
attracts
suelo
‘ground’ but does not attract
piso
‘floor’, even though both refer to comparable
locations.
Similarly,
tirar
attracts
agua
‘water’ but not
mar
‘sea’, both referring to water.
From a theoretical perspective, Fábregas (2007:170) argues that verbs like
lanzar
and
tirar
do
not lexicalize any direction. That is, there is no inherent
direction of motion that is
understood for either verb.
The collostructional analysis supports Fábregas’ (2007) assertion to a certain extent.
The table shows that the
throw
-verbs
combine with a variety of
DIRECTIONALS
in the data
even if there is no statistical attraction
25
. That is,
lanzar
attracts only
aire
‘air’, but in the data
it occurs at least once with all other
DIRECTIONALS
except for
basura
‘garbage’ (this is shown
with a crossed out box in table 14). In fact, there are only two cases where the corpus does
not show at least one occurrence of a verb and a noun from the list: there are no examples in
the corpus of
echar
with
aire
‘air’ and none with
lanzar
and
basura
‘garbage’.
25
This also contrasts with the collostructional results for
MOVANTS
, where a large part of the combinations of
verb plus noun are not attested in the corpus (i.e. there are several crossed out boxes in the table). See §4.2.5
Table 5.
116 |
This seems to indicate that the verbs can express a variety of directions of trajectory,
but that the verbs show preferences for certain combinations.
Here I resort to Bosque
(2004:LXXX) who states that language consists not only of idiomatic expressions and
phrases that are combined
using regular syntactic rules, but also routines, clichés and
tendencies. This can be seen as a continuum, with fixed phrases lying at one extreme and so-
called free combination at the other end.
All four verbs combine with
al suelo
‘to the ground’ in the corpus.
(178) …el administrador se
LANZÓ
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