WHERE IS THE MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES?
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Having decided that electric vehicles are a potentially disruptive technology, my next challenge would
be to define a marketing strategy that could lead my company to a legitimate, unsubsidized market in
which electric cars might first be used. In formulating this marketing strategy, I would apply three
findings from earlier chapters in this book.
First, I would acknowledge that, by definition, electric vehicles cannot initially be used in mainstream
applications because they do not satisfy the basic performance requirements of that market. I would
therefore be sure that everybody having anything to do with my program understands this point:
Although we don’t have a clue about where the market is, the one thing we know for certain is that it
isn’t in an established automobile market segment. Ironically, I would expect most automakers to focus
precisely and myopically on the mainstream market because of the principle of resource dependence
and the principle that small markets don’t solve the growth and profit needs of big companies. I would
not, therefore, follow the lead of other automakers in my search for customers, because I would
recognize that their instincts and capabilities are likely to be trained on the wrong target.
7
Nonetheless, my task is to find a market in which the vehicles can be used, because the early entrants
into disruptive technology markets develop capabilities that constitute strong advantages over later
entrants. They’re the ones that, from a profitable business base in this beachhead market, will most
successfully throw impetus behind the sustaining innovations required to move the disruptive
technology upmarket, toward the mainstream. Holding back from the market, waiting for laboratory
researchers to develop a breakthrough battery technology, for example, is the path of least resistance
for managers. But this strategy has rarely proven to be a viable route to success with a disruptive
innovation.
Historically, as we have seen, the very attributes that make disruptive technologies uncompetitive in
mainstream markets actually count as positive attributes in their emerging value network. In disk
drives, the smallness of 5.25-inch models made them unusable in large computers but very useful on
the desktop. While the small bucket capacity and short reach of early hydraulic excavators made them
useless in general excavation, their ability to dig precise, narrow trenches made them useful in
residential construction. Odd as it sounds, therefore, I would direct my marketers to focus on
uncovering somewhere a group of buyers who have an undiscovered need for a vehicle that accelerates
relatively slowly and can’t be driven farther than 100 miles!
The second point on which I would base my marketing approach is that no one can learn from market
research what the early market(s) for electric vehicles will be. I can hire consultants, but the only thing
I can know for sure is that their findings will be wrong. Nor can customers tell me whether or how they
might use electric vehicles, because they will discover how they might use the products at the same
time as we discover it—just as Honda’s Supercub opened an unforeseen new application for
motorbiking. The only useful information about the market will be what I create through expeditions
into the market, through testing and probing, trial and error, by selling real products to real people who
pay real money.
8
Government mandates, incidentally, are likely to distort rather than solve the problem
of finding a market. I would, therefore, force my organization to live by its wits rather than to rely on
capricious subsidies or non-economic–based California regulation to fuel my business.
The third point is that my business plan must be a plan for learning, not one for executing a
preconceived strategy. Although I will do my best to hit the right market with the right product and the
right strategy the first time out, there is a high probability that a better direction will emerge as the
business heads toward its initial target. I must therefore plan to be wrong and to learn what is right as
fast as possible.
9
I cannot spend all of my resources or all of my organizational credibility on an all-or-
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nothing first-time bet, as Apple did with its Newton or Hewlett-Packard did with its Kittyhawk. I need
to conserve resources to get it right on the second or third try.
These three concepts would constitute the foundation of my marketing strategy.
Potential Markets: Some Speculation
What might emerge as the initial value network for electric vehicles? Again, though it is impossible to
predict, it almost surely will be one in which the weaknesses of the electric vehicle will be seen as
strengths. One of my students has suggested that the parents of high school students, who buy their
children cars for basic transportation to and from school, friends’ homes, and school events, might
constitute a fertile market for electric vehicles.
10
Given the option, these parents might see the product
simplicity, slow acceleration, and limited driving range of electric vehicles as very desirable attributes
for their teenagers’ cars—especially if they were styled with teenagers in mind. Given the right
marketing approach, who knows what might happen? An earlier generation met a lot of nice people on
their Hondas.
Another possible early market might be taxis or small-parcel delivery vehicles destined for the
growing, crowded, noisy, polluted cities of Southeast Asia. Vehicles can sit on Bangkok’s roads all
day, mostly idling in traffic jams and never accelerating above 30 miles per hour. Electric motors
would not need to run and hence would not drain the battery while idling. The maneuverability and
ease of parking of these small vehicles would be additional attractions.
These or similar market ideas, whether or not they ultimately prove viable, are at least consistent with
the way disruptive technologies develop and emerge.
How Are Today’s Automobile Companies Marketing Electric Vehicles?
The strategy proposed here for finding and defining the initial market for electric vehicles stands in
stark contrast to the marketing approaches being used by today’s major automakers, each of which is
struggling to sell electric vehicles into its mainstream market in the time-honored tradition of
established firms mishandling disruptive technologies. Consider this statement made in 1995 by
William Glaub, Chrysler general sales manager, discussing his company’s planned offering for 1998.
11
Chrysler Corporation is preparing to provide an electric powered version of our slick new minivan in
time for the 1998 model year. After an in-depth study of the option between a purpose-built vehicle and
modification of an existing platform, the choice of the minivan to use as an electric powered platform,
in retrospect, is an obvious best choice for us. Our experience shows that fleets will likely be the best
opportunity to move any number of these vehicles . . . . The problem that we face is not in creating an
attractive package. The new minivan is an attractive package. The problem is that sufficient energy
storage capacity is not available on board the vehicle.
12
To position its offering in the mainstream market, Chrysler has had to pack its minivan with 1,600
pounds of batteries. This, of course, makes its acceleration much slower, its driving range shorter, and
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its braking distance longer than other available gasoline-powered automobiles. Because of the way
Chrysler has positioned its electric vehicle, industry analysts naturally compare it to gasoline-powered
minivans, using the metrics paramount in the mainstream value network. At an estimated cost of
$100,000 (compared with $22,000 for the gasoline-powered model), nobody in their right mind would
consider buying Chrysler’s product.
Chrysler’s marketers are, naturally enough, very pessimistic about their ability to sell any electric
minivans in California, despite the government’s mandate that they do so. William Glaub, for example,
continued the remarks cited above with the following observation:
Markets are developed with fine products that customers desire to own. No salesman can take marginal
product into the marketplace and have any hope of establishing a sustainable consumer base.
Consumers will not be forced into a purchase that they do not want. Mandates will not work in a
consumer-driven, free market economy. For electric vehicles to find a place in the market, respectable
products comparable to today’s gasoline-powered cars must be available.
13
Chrysler’s conclusion is absolutely correct, given the way its marketers have framed their challenge.
14
Mainstream customers can never use a disruptive technology at its outset.
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