Harry Holzer
Professor Holzer
23
made four major points in his remarks to the Commission. The first was
his assertion that most statistical evidence suggests that immigration over the past few
decades has had a modest negative effect on the employment outcomes of blacks, especially
those without high school diplomas. Dr. Holzer‘s review of economic studies indicated that
work by Borjas, Grogger, and Hanson showed the greatest negative effects on wages and
employment of black male high school dropouts. He cautioned, however, that this result was
likely overstated, since it was based on significant statistical assumptions and limited also by
its short-run assessment of the effect of immigration, which did not take into account capital
inflows (meaning investments) that likely mitigated such impacts on black workers. Dr.
Holzer added that recent scholarly papers using data across metropolitan areas had found
effects ranging from very modest for black men to somewhat larger where black and white
teens were studied, but that these effects lessened as they aged into their twenties.
Dr. Holzer‘s next point was that other evidence, including that by ethnographers, indicates
that employers filling low-wage jobs that require little reading/writing or communication,
clearly prefer immigrants to native-born blacks, and encourage informal networks through
which immigrants gain better access to these jobs. Dr. Holzer‘s review found that employers
prefer immigrants because of a perceived superior work ethic and tolerance for low wages,
and use ethnic networks to recruit. He suggested that this might reflect discrimination,
although it might also merely reflect real differences, on average, in attitudes and behaviors
of workers from different racial and ethnic groups.
24
His third point was that the evidence does not allow economists to distinguish the effects of
legal versus illegal immigration on black workers. Dr. Holzer stated that many black men
would likely take residential construction or transportation jobs but doubted whether they
would be drawn by the wages offered in agricultural or service jobs, even if the absence of
immigrant wages led to an increase in such wages. He said the evidence does not allow clear
21
See
Vernon Briggs, ―U.S. Immigration Policy and the Plight of Unskilled Workers,‖ 1999,
http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=cahrswp
(accessed
September 9, 2009).
22
Briefing Transcript, p. 31 (citing testimony of former U.S. Representative Barbara Jordan (D-TX), Chair,
U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, U.S. House of Representatives
,
Committee on the Judiciary
Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims, Feb. 24, 1995,
http://www.utexas.edu/lbj/uscir/022495.html
(accessed Oct. 29, 2008)).
23
Briefing Transcript, pp. 31–38.
24
Harry Holzer, ―The Labor Market and Young Black Men,‖ September, 2007,
http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/1001111_moynihan_perspective.pdf
(accessed September 9, 2009).
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