for light and nourishment.⁸ There has thus been a progression in the first
three scenes: the first seed never started; the second started well but did not
survive; the third may even have survived, but produced nothing. But none
of them are of any use to the farmer.
8–9 In contrast with the three scenes of failure we now consider the seed
which grows and is productive. There is no indication of what proportion of
seed meets with the various fates mentioned, so that it is not legitimate to
state as some commentators do that only one quarter of the seed was
successful. Presumably, unless this is an extraordinarily incompetent
farmer, the majority of the seed falls into good ground and produces a crop.
But even here there is variation. It is not certain how the yield is being
computed. If “thirty-fold” means thirty bushels harvested for every bushel
sown, it would be a good but not unimaginable crop, but if, as is more
likely, it means that each germinating plant had thirty grains it is probably
on the low side of normal. In that case sixty-fold is an averagely good crop,
and a hundred-fold very good, but not miraculous.¹ The inclusion of the
three levels of yield¹¹ seems likely to be intended to be noticed;¹² see further
on v. 23. For the parable-formula of v. 9 see above on 11:15; its relevance in
this context will become clear in vv. 11–17 when the consequences of the way
one “hears” are spelled out.
3. About Teaching in Parables (13:10–17)
¹ His disciples came to him and asked him, “Why do you speak to them in
parables?”
¹¹He replied to them, “Because¹ to you it has been given to know the secrets of
the kingdom of heaven, but to them it has not been given. ¹²For whoever has,
more will be given to them and they will have more than enough; but whoever
does not have, even what they have will be taken away from them. ¹³That is why
I speak to them in parables, because when they see they do not see and when
they hear they do not hear or understand.² ¹⁴And for them is fulfilled Isaiah’s
prophecy which said,
‘As you hear you will hear but never understand,
and as you see you will see but never perceive.³
¹⁵For the heart of this people has become fat,
and with their ears they have heard heavily,
and they have shut their eyes,
so that they will not perceive with their eyes
and hear with their ears
and understand in their heart, and turn around
so that I might⁴ heal them.’
¹ But happy are your eyes, because they do see, and your ears, because they do
hear. ¹⁷I tell you truly that many prophets and righteous people were eager to see
what you see and did not see it, and to hear what you hear and did not hear it.”
The first of two lengthy private “asides” to the disciples within this discourse (cf.
also vv. 36ff) will focus on a detailed interpretation of the parable just given (vv.
18–23), but before that we have a more general account of how parables are
intended to work. This paragraph is thus set between the parable of the sower
and its explanation, and the three sections are closely interwoven. In answer to
the disciples’ question these verses explain why Jesus teaches in parables, but
that explanation is itself based on the content of the parable: the failure of some
of the soil to receive the seed is a comment on the human condition which
Isaiah’s prophecy sets out. The point will be developed in the interpretation of
the parable in vv. 18–23. And the fact that the disciples, and they alone, receive
an interpretation of the parable puts into practice the teaching about their
privileged position which is at the heart of vv. 11–17.
These verses too are addressed only to the disciples, and indeed the content
focuses on their special situation over against the larger crowd on the shore.
Here (as in 11:25–27) we find people divided sharply into two groups, the
enlightened disciples and the others who cannot grasp the truth however much
they see and hear. The parable itself has given a more nuanced account, with its
four (not two) different types of hearer, but here the first three groups are treated
as one. Though their failure is traced to different causes, none of them find
“understanding” (vv. 19, 23; see comments on v. 19) and all in the end fail to
produce a crop. As an empirical observation (that people respond differently, and
only some will reach “understanding”) this would not be surprising, but the point
of this paragraph is that this is not just a fact of life but the purpose of God. The
truth about the kingdom of heaven is “secret,” and is perceived only by those to
whom “it is given,” while the experience of the others has already been predicted
in Isaiah’s terrible prophecy about people who are unable to grasp the truth and
to respond and find “healing.” In the Hebrew version of Isa 6:10 the prophet is
actually instructed to “Make the heart of this people fat” etc., and while the LXX
has dulled the shock of this rhetoric by turning the verbs into passives describing
the people’s own self-insulation against the truth, it is hard even in that version
to avoid the conclusion that this is the way God has planned it. Isaiah 6:9–10 is
clearly important to Matthew,⁵ since he gives us not only an abbreviated
summary of its message such as Luke also has (v. 13), but also a full quotation of
the LXX text with its own introductory formula claiming that this prophecy has
now found its fulfillment in those to whom Jesus has been sent (vv. 14–15).
Readers of these verses—and even more of the Marcan version, that parables are
given “in order that” some people may not understand—find it hard to avoid the
conclusion that God has chosen some people to be enlightened and has
deliberately left others in the dark, and that parables are designed to reinforce
this divinely appointed separation. After all, that seems to be what Isa 6:9–10
was saying (except that it focuses entirely on the unperceptive, and does not
mention any who do receive the truth!), and Matthew is enthusiastically
endorsing its viewpoint. But a few points may modify the harshness of this
doctrine, even if they do not entirely neutralize it.
(1) Davies & Allison, 2.389–390, rightly point out that our tendency to focus on
the problem of the unenlightened misses the point of these sayings, which is the
positive blessing of God’s gift of knowledge graciously made available in a
world which as a whole is characterized by “ignorance of God’s eschatological
secrets” (as in 11:25 and 16:17). The glass is half full rather than half empty!
(2) The distinction between divine and human causation which we find so
necessary seems to have been less clear to the biblical writers. Nothing that
happens can happen without God, and the same effect may thus be attributed
both to human (or demonic) will and to the divine purpose (see above on 4:1 and
comments on v. 19 below). So the LXX version of Isa 6:10, which attributes the
people’s unreceptiveness to their own self-hardening, is not in direct
contradiction to the Hebrew, which attributes it to the divinely intended effect of
Isaiah’s proclamation; they are two sides of the same coin.
(3) Few would doubt that as a matter of fact there is a difference in the way
people respond to spiritual truth. Some absorb it with delight, while others shrug
it off, or even campaign against it. As a depiction of reality these verses ring
true. The problem comes when we look for the reasons for the difference.
Modern thought is likely to find the causes in psychology, environment,
formative influences etc., but in the ancient world they were likely to be seen in
more personal terms, so that a depiction of empirical fact easily shades into an
attribution of design, whether human, demonic or divine.
(4) Whereas Isa 6:9–10 gives the impression of a total lack of response to the
prophet’s message (apart from the cryptic reference to a “holy seed” in 6:13),
these verses are set within a parable (the sower) which does envisage a positive
response on the part of some of those who hear, as do the following parables;
note especially the eventually huge growth predicted for the mustard seed in v.
32 and the leaven in v. 33. The “pessimism” of the Isaiah prophecy is only a part
of the truth about the coming of the kingdom of heaven.
(5) Where there are “insiders” and “outsiders,” it is presumably always possible
for an outsider to become an insider. The object of Jesus’ proclamation of the
kingdom of heaven was that people should repent, and so become subjects of
God’s kingship. The disciples themselves represent those who have responded to
this proclamation and so have become insiders. So the two categories are not
hard and fast; the boundary can be crossed. It is not the purpose of these verses
to explain how that crossing takes place, but only to depict the situation as it is,
with some inside and some outside. In that case it is not appropriate to look for
answers to our questions about predestination in this paragraph. As the discourse
develops we shall find ample cause to believe that good soil can be found: the
kingdom of heaven will grow like mustard seed and penetrate like leaven, and
people will rejoice at discovering it as at finding a treasure or a pearl; “hidden
things” are meant to be revealed (v. 35). This paragraph must not be taken out of
that context. It tells us that there will always be some who do not respond, but it
does not prescribe who they are to be.
(6) This paragraph is about why parables are an appropriate medium for the
proclamation of the message. It is because people are so different, and react so
differently. A parable is a story or epigram which does not carry its meaning on
the surface (see above on v. 3a). It challenges the hearer to engage with it in an
educational process which, if the hearer brings to it the right attitude and
openness, will result in their perceiving and responding to the truth. But it can
equally be resisted, and dismissed as a mere story. So parables, given without
explanation, are open-ended.⁷ In a situation where some are open to truth and
some are not, parables, as imaginative challenge rather than simple proposition,
are an appropriate way to communicate new ideas. For some they will break
through the barriers to understanding, and to such people (like the disciples) the
“secrets of the kingdom of heaven” will be “given.” But others will remain
impenetrable, and the seed will be lost, scorched, or choked. Putting truth before
such people only in the form of parables is a way of implementing the principle
set out in 7:6.⁸
These considerations do not remove the robust stress on the divine purpose in
these verses, but they may perhaps help in accommodating it within our overall
understanding of the mystery of revelation and human response.
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