worlds of the time. The uniqueness of Jesus’ exorcistic ministry (9:33, and
implied here in the suggestion that he may be “Son of David” in v. 23)
consists in the nature and authority of his exorcisms, not in the lack of any
other exorcists. Exorcism, as distinct from physical healing, presupposes a
hostile supernatural force which can be countered only by a more powerful
spiritual authority, and Jewish exorcists were understood to be acting by the
power of God. The Pharisees can be assumed to be as much in favor of the
practice as other Jews; why then should Jesus’ exorcisms be any more
sinister?
28 The spiritual nature of Jesus’ exorcisms is now made more explicit: it is
by the Spirit of God that they are performed. In v. 18 we have been
reminded of the endowment with God’s Spirit as the basis of the servant’s
ministry, and in 3:16 the visible coming of the Spirit upon Jesus has
launched him on it. While actual exorcism narratives do not elsewhere refer
directly to the Spirit, preferring to focus simply on Jesus’ own authoritative
word of command, within the framework of Matthew’s story the reader
naturally understands that Jesus’ special authority derives from his
endowment with the Spirit. Luke here has the vivid image of “the finger of
God,” an echo of the source of Moses’ miraculous power in Exod 8:19, but
Matthew needs the more direct reference to the Spirit not only as a pick-up
from v. 18 but also particularly as the basis for the charge which Jesus will
level against the Pharisees in vv. 31–32: they are deliberately denigrating
the work not just of a human being, but of the Spirit of God.
This deployment of the Spirit’s power is not merely a means of combating
demonic possession, but also a sign of something more far-reaching, the
establishment of God’s kingship in place of that of Satan (v. 26). This is the
second of five²² occasions where Matthew speaks of the “the kingdom of God”
rather than his normal phrase “the kingdom of heaven” (cf. 19:24; 21:31, 43). I
suggested at 6:33 that such departures from normal usage are “because the
context requires a more ‘personal’ reference to God himself rather than the more
oblique language of his heavenly authority.” That reference is required here not
only to balance “Spirit of God” in the first half of the saying, but also because of
the preceding reference to “Satan’s kingdom” (v. 26); Jesus’ saying thus vividly
contrasts the personal kings of the two kingdoms. But the coming of God’s
kingship, which is a cause for joy to those who embrace it, is a threat to those
who oppose his will; so it has “caught up with” the Pharisees, breaking
uncomfortably into their cosily controlled world of tradition and turning
everything upside down. It is not they but Jesus, as the Messiah in whose coming
God’s kingship is established, who now represents the true focus of divine
authority on earth. Note how the aorist tense of phthanō, “has caught up with”
(see p. 474, n. 5), carries the same implication as the perfect of engizō in 3:2;
4:17; 10:7 (see comments on 3:2): God’s kingship is already a reality.²³
This powerful challenge follows strangely after v. 27. If Jesus’ exorcisms have
this eschatological significance, why does the same not apply to the other Jewish
exorcists who equally, it is presupposed, operate by the power of God’s Spirit
(and have been doing so, presumably, long before Jesus came to announce the
arrival of God’s kingship)? We noted above (p. 338) that while there were other
exorcists operating at the time there is no record in extant literature of anyone
else who carried out exorcisms on such a scale and with such decisive authority,
as opposed to the often bizarre rituals to which other exorcists resorted. This
special character of Jesus’ exorcisms (“something completely new and
qualitatively different,” Luz, 2.124), combined with the overall tenor of his
ministry and its note of unique authority, perhaps accounts for the boldness of
this claim.²⁴ The following saying underlines the point.
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