presumably originally independent saying (cf. Luke 16:16) which again
links the two, but in a different way. The “days of John the Baptist” are
clearly located in the past, and have been succeeded by the kingdom of
heaven, which already has a history between John’s time and the present.
At the time of Jesus’ ministry that history is still very short; by the time
Matthew is writing it has extended another generation or two. That history,
short or long, is not one of unmixed triumph for God’s purpose, but
paradoxically has been marked throughout by “violence.” John himself has
already suffered the “violence” of imprisonment,³⁵ soon to be followed by
execution. Jesus and his followers have already been received with a
hostility which, if it has not yet resulted in physical violence, will soon do so
both for Jesus himself (16:21 etc.) and for his disciples (10:17–23, 28, 34–
39). Cf. 17:11–13 for the continuity between John and Jesus in the
experience of violent opposition.
That is the probable meaning of Matthew’s version of the saying, taking the
repeated language of violence (biazomai, biastēs) and of plunder (harpazō) in
their normal negative sense.³ There is nothing in Matthew (as against Luke
16:16) to suggest any other meaning for these strongly pejorative terms (see p.
419, nn. 6, 7), and the concentration of negative language demands such an
interpretation.³⁷ Whatever the process of transmission and adaptation which led
to two such different sayings as Matt 11:12 and Luke 16:16 while still using
some of the same terms and ideas, Matthew’s text cannot be interpreted in terms
of Luke’s, where the one potentially violent term (biazetai) does not have the
kingdom of heaven as its subject but rather speaks of people’s attitude to it. The
middle (and in Luke’s saying perhaps commendatory) sense of biazomai as “to
make forceful progress” or the like,³⁸ has no basis in Matthew’s formulation of
the saying. This is, in Matthew, a declaration that the kingdom of heaven has
been and remains subject to violent opposition.
It remains unclear, however, in what sense these violent people “plunder,”
“ravage”³ or “seize” the kingdom of heaven. The literal, material sense of
“plunder” is not appropriate to the spiritual nature of the kingdom of heaven and
the material insignificance of the Christian community as we know it in the NT
period—in contrast with the later affluence of the church, which has often
invited literal “plunder.” Metaphorically it might refer to those who try to steal
away the members of the disciple community or perhaps to exploit its good
name for their own ends—cf. the “wolves dressed up as sheep” in 7:15, and
Paul’s comments on fierce wolves in the Ephesian church (Acts 20:28–30).⁴
“Ravage,” even if not so common a sense of the verb, would fit well with the
infliction of violence in the first clause and with the noun biastai and would
require no more specific identification of the nature of their violence. If,
however, we translate harpazō in its more normal sense of “seize,” it might refer
to a take-over bid aimed at the Jesus movement by people with an agenda of
violence (against Rome?) rather than of spiritual salvation.⁴¹ The phrase remains
obscure, and such interpretations do not yet fit easily into what we know of the
time of Jesus’ Galilean ministry, though by Matthew’s time they would have
been more clearly pertinent.⁴²
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