But are the commandments to be “done” in the same way as before Jesus came?
To insist on their value as pointers to Jesus does not in itself entail observing
them literally as regulations. The use of the verb “do” in v. 19 is easily read as
meaning that the rules of the OT law must still be followed as they were before
Jesus came, and thus to reinforcing the “righteousness of the scribes and
Pharisees” which the next verse will disparage. But if that is what Matthew
intended these words to mean he would here be contradicting the whole tenor of
the NT by declaring that for instance the sacrificial and food laws of the OT are
still binding on Jesus’ disciples—and surely by the time Matthew wrote
Christians were already broadly agreed that they were no longer required. In the
light of the emphasis on fulfillment which has introduced this passage and which
will be central to what follows we can only suppose therefore that he had in
mind a different kind of “doing” from that of the scribes and Pharisees, a
“doing” appropriate to the time of fulfillment.²
That will mean in effect the
keeping of the law as it is now interpreted by Jesus himself,³ and it will be the
role of vv. 20–48 to explain what this means in practice. See further on 28:20,
where it is the “commandments” of Jesus, not those of the OT, which are to be
the basis of Christian discipleship.
Those who belittle the details of the OT law will be called the smallest in the
kingdom of heaven. Unlike the scribes and Pharisees of v. 20 they are at least
envisaged as being within the kingdom of heaven,³¹ the new régime which Jesus
has brought into being and whose values this discourse is setting out, but they
are scarcely worthy of it. The graphic language derives from a play on words
between the “smallest” commandments and the “smallest” reputation of the
careless disciple. It is not helpful to press it into supporting a view of the
kingdom of heaven as a social structure within which there are first- and second-
class citizens, a view which Matthew seems at pains to discourage in 20:1–16—
cf. the idea that the greatest in the kingdom of heaven are the lowest, 18:1–4;
20:25–27. The dynamic sense of the kingdom of heaven as God’s rule (see on
3:2) suggests rather that to be called great or small in the kingdom of heaven
means to be high or low in God’s esteem, to be a more or less worthy
representative of those who acknowledge him as king. Disciples should delight
in and learn from every word that God has written (cf. 4:4) rather than picking
and choosing between them.