E. The Testing of the Son of God (4:1–11)
¹Then Jesus was taken up¹ into the wilderness by the Spirit to be tested² by the
devil. ²He went without food for forty days and forty nights, and in the end he
was famished. ³Then the tempter approached him and said, “If you are the Son
of God, give orders for these stones to become loaves of bread.” ⁴But Jesus
replied, “It is written,
‘A person is not to³ live on bread alone,
but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.’ ”
⁵Then the devil transported⁴ him to the holy city and made him stand on a high
corner⁵ of the temple, and said to him, “If you are the Son of God, throw
yourself down; for it is written that
‘He will make his angels responsible for you,
and they will lift you in their arms
so that you never hit your foot against a stone.’ ”
⁷Jesus replied, “It is written also,
‘You are not to put the Lord your God to the test.’ ”
⁸Again the devil transported him to a very high mountain and showed him all the
kingdoms of the world in all their glory, and said to him, “I will give you all
this, if you will bow down and worship me.” ¹ Then Jesus said to him, “Away
with you, Satan; for it is written,
‘You are to worship the Lord your God;
he is the only one you are to serve.’ ”
¹¹Then the devil left him alone, and angels came to him and took care of⁷ him.
All three synoptic writers record an experience of Jesus in the wilderness in
confrontation with the devil immediately after his baptismal revelation and
before his return to Galilee. But while Mark presents only a brief tableau of the
opposing forces, Matthew and Luke record a three-point dialogue between the
tempter and Jesus which explores more deeply the nature of the “testing”
involved, the details of which, if they are not purely imaginary, can only have
come from Jesus’ own subsequent recalling of the event.
Matthew and Luke present the second and third elements in the dialogue in a
different order. Reasons for preferring each order can be suggested. Luke’s order
brings the series to a climax with the devil’s subtlest ploy in that he in his turn
offers a scriptural text in support of his proposal. Luke’s special interest in
Jerusalem may also have led him to prefer concluding the story there. In
Matthew’s account, however, the more subtle suggestions of the first two
proposals are succeeded by a blatant challenge to God’s authority when the devil
“drops his disguise” (Schweizer, 58) and the central issue is brought into the
open. Matthew’s account thus ends on a more decisive note, which he will
exploit at the end of his gospel with an allusion to this third temptation in Jesus’
eventual claim to an authority greater than anything the devil could offer (28:18).
The escalation of the issues posed is appropriately symbolized by the
geographical escalation from the wilderness to a high point in Jerusalem and
then to a very high mountain. Matthew’s inclusion of “Away with you, Satan” in
Jesus’ third reply suitably brings the confrontation to a close. The majority of
recent interpreters think Matthew’s order, which also brings the two “Son of
God” temptations together at the beginning, more likely to be original.⁸
This incident is traditionally described as “the temptation of Jesus.” But the
English language cannot represent the ambivalence of the key Greek verb
peirazō and its derivatives. In so far as the devil is portrayed as trying to induce
Jesus to act against the will of God, “tempt” is the right meaning, but the same
verb frequently means to “test” with no pejorative connotation. Its other uses in
Matthew are of human subjects who come to Jesus with hard questions hoping to
catch him out or expose him (16:1; 19:3; 22:18, 35); the meaning is in each case
pejorative, but the questions involved are not “temptations” to do wrong, but
dialogue challenges from Jesus’ enemies. Here the introduction to the pericope
indicates that while the “testing/tempting” is to be carried out by the devil, the
whole experience takes place under the guidance of the Spirit and therefore
according to the purpose of God. Underlying it, as we shall see, is an OT passage
which speaks of Israel’s wilderness experiences similarly as a “test” (LXX
expeirazō) designed by God “to find out what was in your heart, whether or not
you would keep his commandments.” (Deut 8:2; cf 8:16) In the interpretation
that follows I shall try to show that it is primarily concerned with this divine
“testing,” rather than the Satanic “tempting” which was its means. The title
given by B. Gerhardsson to his illuminating monograph on this pericope, The
Testing of God’s Son, seems to me to sum up its thrust admirably.
The focus of the “testing” agenda is indicated by the clause which introduces the
devil’s first two suggestions, “If you are the Son of God.” The link with 3:17 is
obvious. The special relationship with God which has just been authoritatively
declared at the Jordan is now under scrutiny. The following clauses do not cast
doubt on this filial relationship, but explore its possible implications: what is the
appropriate way for God’s Son to behave in relation to his Father? In what ways
might he exploit this relationship to his own advantage? The actions suggested
are ones which might be expected to put that relationship under strain. The devil
is trying to drive a wedge between the newly-declared Son and his Father.
This understanding of the story leaves little room for the popular notion that
what is under scrutiny here is the nature of Jesus’ messianic agenda. The
suggestion that turning stones into bread would be a way of attracting a
following by the provision of cheap food, and that an uninjured leap from the
temple roof would demonstrate the Messiah’s supernatural credentials to a
stunned crowd, does not match the way the story is told: the loaves are to satisfy
Jesus’ own hunger, and there is no indication of any spectators for the proposed
leap from the temple (even if this is understood as an actual physical event, see
on v. 5). The third temptation too appeals to Jesus’ own ambition, and does not
mention a messianic agenda.
It will be in his passion in Jerusalem (the “holy city,” v. 5) that Jesus’ loyalty to
his role as Son of God will be supremely tested, and some features of Matthew’s
wording link these two episodes at the beginning and end of his story. The
devil’s temptation will be echoed by the crowd who call on Jesus to come down
from the cross “if you are the Son of God” (27:40). In 26:53 Jesus will claim, but
refuse to exercise, the right to call on legions of angels to deliver him (cf. 4:6).
And the final dismissal, “Away with you, Satan,” will be deployed again against
Peter when he tries to dissuade Jesus, whom he has just recognized as the Son of
God, from going to the cross (16:23).
The most significant key to the understanding of this story is to be found in
Jesus’ three scriptural quotations. All come from Deut 6–8, the part of Moses’
address to the Israelites before their entry into Canaan in which he reminds them
of their forty years of wilderness experiences. It has been a time of preparation
and of proving the faithfulness of their God. He has deliberately put them
through a time of privation as an educative process. They have been learning, or
should have been learning, what it means to live in trusting obedience to God:
“As a father disciplines his son, so the Lord your God disciplines you.” (Deut
8:5; for Israel as God’s son cf. Exod 4:22; Jer 31:9; Hos 11:1–4) Among the
lessons they should now have learned are not to depend on bread alone but rather
on God’s word (8:3), not to put God to the test (6:16), and to make God the
exclusive object of their worship and obedience (6:13). Now another “Son of
God” is in the wilderness, this time for forty days rather than forty years, as a
preparation for entering into his divine calling. There in the wilderness he too
faces those same tests, and he has learned the lessons which Israel had so
imperfectly grasped. His Father is testing him in the school of privation, and his
triumphant rebuttal of the devil’s suggestions will ensure that the filial bond can
survive in spite of the conflict that lies ahead. Israel’s occupation of the promised
land was at best a flawed fulfillment of the hopes with which they came to the
Jordan, but this new “Son of God” will not fail and the new Exodus (to which
we have seen a number of allusions in ch. 2) will succeed. “Where Israel of old
stumbled and fell, Christ the new Israel stood firm.”¹ It is probably also
significant that the passage of Deuteronomy from which Jesus’ responses are
drawn begins with the Šemaʿ, the text from Deut 6:4–5 recited daily in Jewish
worship which requires Israel to “love the Lord your God with all your heart,
and with all your soul, and with all your strength;” it is precisely that total
commitment to God that this wilderness experience is designed to test.¹¹
The story of the testing in the wilderness¹² is thus an elaborate typological
presentation of Jesus as himself the true Israel, the “Son of God” through whom
God’s redemptive purpose for his people is now at last to reach its fulfillment.¹³
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