A. The “Book of Origin” of the Messiah (1:1–17)
¹The book of origin¹ of Jesus the Messiah, the son of David, the son of Abraham.
²Abraham² was the father of³ Isaac, and Isaac was the father of Jacob, and Jacob
was the father of Judah and his brothers, ³and Judah was the father of Perez and
Zerah by Tamar, and Perez was the father of Hezron, and Hezron was the father
of Ram, ⁴and Ram was the father of Amminadab, and Amminadab was the father
of Nahshon, and Nahshon was the father of Salmon, ⁵and Salmon was the father
of Boaz by Rahab, and Boaz was the father of Obed by Ruth, and Obed was the
father of Jesse, and Jesse was the father of King David.
David was the father of Solomon by the wife of Uriah, ⁷and Solomon was the
father of Rehoboam, and Rehoboam was the father of Abijah, and Abijah was
the father of Asaph, ⁸and Asaph⁴ was the father of Jehoshaphat, and
Jehoshaphat was the father of Joram, and Joram was the father of Uzziah, and
Uzziah was the father of Jotham, and Jotham was the father of Ahaz, and Ahaz
was the father of Hezekiah, ¹ and Hezekiah was the father of Manasseh, and
Manasseh was the father of Amos, and Amos⁵ was the father of Josiah, ¹¹and
Josiah was the father of Jeconiah and his brothers at the time of the exile to
Babylon.
¹²After the exile to Babylon Jeconiah was the father of Shealtiel, and Shealtiel
was the father of Zerubbabel, ¹³and Zerubbabel was the father of Abiud, and
Abiud was the father of Eliakim, and Eliakim was the father of Azor, ¹⁴and Azor
was the father of Zadok, and Zadok was the father of Achim, and Achim was the
father of Eliud, ¹⁵and Eliud was the father of Eleazar, and Eleazar was the father
of Matthan, and Matthan was the father of Jacob, ¹ and Jacob was the father of
Joseph the husband of Mary who was the mother of⁷ Jesus who is called the
Messiah.
¹⁷So there were fourteen generations in all from Abraham until David, and
fourteen generations from David until the exile to Babylon, and fourteen
generations from the exile to Babylon until the Messiah.
The first two words of Matthew’s gospel are literally “Book of genesis” (see
note 1 above).⁸ The effect on a Jewish reader is comparable to that of John’s
opening phrase, “In the beginning …” The theme of the fulfillment of Scripture
is signaled from the very start, and these opening words suggest that a new
creation is now taking place. That particular concept of fulfillment is not clearly
developed elsewhere in the gospel, which is concerned rather with how Jesus
brings the history of God’s people to its climax, but this passing echo of the
beginning of the world’s history adds a further allusive dimension for those who
wish to think it through, perhaps particularly in the light of the creative act of
God which will result in Jesus’ birth.
Matthew’s “book of origin” is in effect a survey of the history of the people of
God from its very beginning with Abraham, the ancestor of Israel, to the coming
of the Messiah, the “son of David.” He emphasizes the completeness of this
history by setting it out in three balancing periods of fourteen generations each,¹
and the fact that it is only with difficulty that the actual history can be made to fit
into this pattern indicates that for the author this is not so much a statistical
observation as a theological reflection on the working out of God’s purpose for
his people. It shows that the period of preparation is now complete, and that the
stage is set for the dawning of the time of fulfillment in the coming of the
promised Messiah.
That Matthew’s three fourteens are not simply a matter of historical observation
is indicated by the imbalance between the three periods in terms of the actual
historical time-scale involved. While there is debate about the possible date of
Abraham, he is likely to have been at least seven or eight hundred years before
David, which, even given the reported longevity of the patriarchs, is a lot to
cover in fourteen generations. From David to the exile is about four hundred
years, and as we shall see even that relatively modest period has been fitted into
fourteen generations only by the omission of four members of the dynastic
succession. From the exile to the birth of Jesus is a further six hundred years, so
that Matthew’s thirteen names for that whole period (compared with Luke’s 22
for the same period) again give improbably long “generations.” It seems then
that Matthew’s list, like some other biblical genealogies, is selective, and that the
scheme of three fourteens is doing something other than recording statistical
data.
The effect of the division into three sets of fourteen generations is to highlight
the two turning points in the time of David and the exile. The specific mention
that David was “King” (v. 6) indicates the significance of these divisions, as the
central section of the list runs from the foundation of the united monarchy of
Israel under David to the final dissolution of the monarchy of Judah at the time
of the Babylonian exile. David and Jehoiachin thus represent the first and last
kings of the dynasty of Judah (Zedekiah, Jehoiachin’s uncle, 2 Kgs 24:17, being
treated as an irrelevant appendix while the true king was in exile in Babylon),
whose historical throne-succession makes up the central section of the
genealogical list. Matthew thus signals that this is a royal list, with the probable
implication that the throne-succession has continued while the actual monarchy
has been in eclipse, until it reaches the destined “son of David” in the birth of the
Messiah from this royal line. We shall see how this focus is maintained in v. 20
below.
In order to keep the number of generations between David and Jehoiachin to
fourteen, Matthew has had to omit five of the actual kings recorded in the OT
history: he goes straight from Joram to Uzziah, omitting the three generations of
Ahaziah, Joash and Amaziah (together with the usurping queen-mother
Athaliah), and the brothers Jehoahaz and Jehoiakim are omitted between Josiah
and Jehoiachin. It is possible to explain the former omission as an error resulting
from the fact that the names of Ahaziah and Azariah (Uzziah) might be confused
in Greek,¹¹ and the latter also by the similarity of the names of Jehoiakim and
Jehoiachin (which LXX does not differentiate, see n. 6 above), while Jehoahaz
as Jehoiakim’s brother who reigned only three months does not represent a
separate “generation.” But to explain the number fourteen in the middle section
as therefore the result of two happy accidents¹² also ignores the fact that even so
the three groups are not equally balanced: the first group has fourteen names if
both Abraham and David are included, the second has fourteen if David is not
included again, but after Jehoiachin there are only twelve names down to Joseph,
so that even with the addition of Mary’s son there are only thirteen generations
in the third group unless Jehoiachin, unlike David, is counted twice.¹³
If therefore Matthew’s observation in v. 17 is not based on simple mathematics,
is there some special significance which he sees in the number fourteen which
has made it worth his while to adjust the generations to fit into this symmetrical
structure?¹⁴
It is often suggested that this is an example of gematria, the Jewish interpretive
technique which depended on the numerical value of Hebrew letters: the name
David (the fourteenth name in the list) consists of three Hebrew consonants,
DWD, the numerical value of which is respectively 4,6 and 4, giving a total of
14; fourteen is thus the symbolic number of David. For a reader of Matthew’s
Greek gospel to recognize any such numerical symbolism would have to depend
on quite a sophisticated awareness of Hebrew numerology. There is certainly
evidence for gematria in Jewish and early Christian writings, sometimes
involving Hebrew letters, sometimes Greek,¹⁵ but usually it is signalled by an
explicit link drawn between the letters and their numerical value. Matthew has
made no such explicit connection, and it can be at best a matter of conjecture
whether he intended or would have recognized it.¹
If there is deliberate symbolism in the choice of fourteen it is perhaps better
perceived in the fact that fourteen is twice seven,¹⁷ and seven is well-known in
the Bible as a significant number, deriving from the seven days of creation, and
occurring especially in connection with pre-determined historical periods (e.g.
Gen 41:2–7, 26–30; Dan 9:24–27), notably in the organization of history into
several (though probably not seven, pace some commentators!) series of seven
events in Revelation. Three fourteens is six sevens, and a sequence of six sevens
points to the coming of the seventh seven, the climax of history when the
ongoing purpose of God for his people from the time of Abraham reaches its
culmination.¹⁸
But again if this is what Matthew meant he has not said it explicitly, and the fact
that he divides Israel’s history into three fourteens rather than six sevens makes
any such inference doubtful. Perhaps it is more likely that his focus on the
number fourteen derives from his observation that there were in fact fourteen
names in the genealogical list from Abraham to David as recorded in the OT, and
his realization that a little adjustment of the king-list would allow him to produce
a symmetrical pattern with the period of the monarchy highlighted as its central
phase. In that case the theological focus of Matthew’s “book of origin” is not so
much on the number fourteen itself as on the royal dimension which his
symmetrical structure has brought to light by tracing the line of succession
which finds its culmination in the coming of Jesus, the “son of David,” and thus
potentially in the restoration of the monarchy.¹
To recognize Matthew’s genealogy as essentially a dynastic document may give
some clue as to why it differs so radically from the one provided by Luke 3:23–
38. Quite apart from the structural differences that Luke goes in the reverse
direction, has no subdivision into sections, and goes all the way back to “Adam,
son of God,” the actual names recorded coincide only from Abraham to David,
with minor variations; between David and Joseph the only coincidence is of the
two names Shealtiel and Zerubbabel, and Luke contains substantially more
names. Both lists are presented explicitly as the genealogy of Joseph, even
though his father’s name differs between them, so that the popular explanation²
that Luke’s is in fact the genealogy of Mary (and thus the real biological
genealogy of Jesus) runs aground on Luke’s explicit wording (cf. also Luke
1:27) as well as on the fact that ancient Jewish genealogies were not traced
through the mother—as opposed to the occasional mention of mothers within a
patrilineal genealogy (see below on vv. 3–6). It is of course often argued that the
explanation is simply that either Matthew or Luke (or more probably both) has
simply invented names, with Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel coincidentally coming
to both their minds as a well-known figure of the post-exilic resettlement (Ezra
3:2ff; Hag 1:1ff, etc.). But genealogy was too valued a pursuit in the Jewish
world to make such a cavalier attitude plausible, and there is good evidence that
genealogies were carefully preserved and available for consultation (see below
on vv. 12–16). Is it possible, then, that Matthew and Luke have offered two
different types of “genealogy”? Matthew’s, as we have seen, is focused on the
royal line; Luke’s is traced not through Solomon, David’s royal successor, but
through another son Nathan. Might Luke then be giving us an actual (or at least
claimed) “family tree” of biological parentage, while Matthew traces the throne-
succession of the actual and, after the exile, putative kings of Judah? Such a
suggestion at least has the merit of taking seriously the perceived focus of
Matthew’s list, but it is of course totally incapable of proof. It must face the
question how a biological and a dynastic line could run separately through
different sons of David and yet converge briefly at Shealtiel, diverge again after
Zerubbabel, and reconverge on Joseph the (actual) son of Eli and (dynastic) son
of Jacob. Again, this is not inherently impossible, as royal lines can sometimes
differ from strict parental succession where for instance a royal figure is
childless or the eldest son proves unsuitable so that succession passes to a
brother or nephew or some less immediately related member of the wider
family.²¹ But while such indirect successions do occur,²² this can never be more
than speculation in a given instance where all we have available is two
unadorned lists of names.
The “book of orgin” thus holds many puzzles, both as to its intended scope and
as to how Matthew has arrived at his list of names and its pattern. But its main
aim is clear enough: to locate Jesus within the story of God’s people, as its
intended climax, and to do it with a special focus on the Davidic monarchy as
the proper context for a theological understanding of the role of the person
whom Matthew, more than the other gospel writers, will delight to refer to not
only as “Messiah” but also more specifically as “Son of David.”²³
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