derives its meaning from hē epiousa, “for the coming day” may well have a
similar range of meaning. ⁴ The bread requested is therefore for the near future,
which may be “today” or “tomorrow” depending on the time of utterance. This
petition would remind a Jewish hearer of the provision of manna in the
wilderness, enough for each day at a time, except for an extra supply when the
following day was a sabbath (Exod 16:4–5).
To ask for such bread ⁵ “today” is to acknowledge our dependence on God for
routine provision. In a modern Western culture where the provision of food is
usually planned and assured for a good time ahead, such immediate dependence
seems remote from our experience. In many other parts of the world today, as in
Jesus’ world, it is not so; Carson, 171, rightly reminds us of “the precarious
lifestyle of many first-century workers who were paid one day at a time and for
whom a few days’ illness could spell tragedy.”
Similarly for Jesus and his
disciples during their itinerant mission the daily provision of material needs
could not be taken for granted (see 8:20; 10:9–14, 40–42). ⁷ The instruction not
to worry about material provision in vv. 25–33 (which seems equally remote
from most modern Western experience) is dependent on all such needs having
been trustfully committed to God as this prayer requires. Jesus himself had to
depend on God for food rather than taking the matter into his own hands (4:3–4).
I have assumed hitherto that this petition is concerned with the literal provision
of everyday material needs. Those who emphasize an eschatological dimension
to the Lord’s Prayer suggest rather that “bread for tomorrow” is a short-hand
expression for eschatological provision, perhaps with special reference to the
messianic banquet (see on 8:11; cf. Luke 14:15), or more specifically to the
eschatological hope of a return of manna (2 Bar. 29:8; Sib. Or. 7:149; Rev 2:17).
Some support this sense by deriving epiousios not from hē epiousa (hēmera) but
directly from the verb epienai, so that it is the bread itself rather than the day
which is “coming,” “future.” ⁸ Hagner, 1.144, expresses this view in his
“interpretive paraphrase,” “Give us today the eschatological bread that will be
ours in the future.” Whatever may be the case for the prayer as a whole,
however, an eschatological sense does not suit the wording of this petition
(Hagner’s paraphrase has added a lot to the actual wording of the Greek!).
“Bread” carries its literal meaning elsewhere in this gospel, even when the
context indicates that the literal bread is being used to convey a symbolic
message (15:26; 16:5–12; 26:26), and the everyday dimension implied by
epiousios (if derived, as is more linguistically probable, from hē epiousa) seems
to require that meaning unless anything in the context suggests a non-literal
sense. Further, the request for bread to be supplied “today” (and even more the
Lucan version “every day”) sits uncomfortably with an eschatological
perspective.
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