The essence and content of the term philosophy

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1. Basic laws of philosophy. Falsafada ko'plab qonunlar va tamoyillar mavjud, ammo eng asosiylaridan ba'zilari qarama-qarshiliklarning birligi va kurashi qonuni, inkorni inkor qilish qonuni va miqdoriy o'zgarishlarga olib keladigan sifat o'zgarishlar qonunini o'z ichiga oladi. Bu qonunlar ko'pincha uzluksiz o'zgarish va o'zgarish jarayonini o'z ichiga olgan fikrlashning dialektik usuli bilan bog'liq. Falsafadagi boshqa muhim tushunchalar qatoriga tabiiy huquq, tafakkur qonunlari va huquq falsafasi kiradi. Ba'zi faylasuflar aql va mantiqning muhimligini ta'kidlaydilar, boshqalari esa axloq, siyosiy falsafa yoki haqiqatning o'zi tabiatiga e'tibor berishadi. Oxir oqibat, falsafa keng doiradagi g‘oyalar, nazariyalar va istiqbollarni o‘z ichiga olgan keng va xilma-xil sohadir.( There are many laws and principles in philosophy, but some of the most fundamental ones include the law of the unity and struggle of opposites, the law of negation of negation, and the law of qualitative changes leading to quantitative changes. These laws are often associated with the dialectical method of reasoning, which involves a process of continual change and transformation. Other important concepts in philosophy include natural law, the laws of thought, and the philosophy of law. Some philosophers emphasize the importance of reason and logic, while others focus on ethics, political philosophy, or the nature of reality itself. Ultimately, philosophy is a broad and diverse field that encompasses a wide range of ideas, theories, and perspectives.)
2. The main currents of Buddhism. Buddizmning asosiy oqimlariga Mahayana, Teravada (Hinayana nomi bilan ham tanilgan) va Vajrayana (Lamaizm nomi bilan ham tanilgan) kiradi. Mahayana eng katta filial bo'lib, Sharqiy Osiyoda, jumladan, Xitoy, Koreya va Yaponiyada joylashgan. Teravada asosan Shri-Lanka, Tailand, Kambodja, Laos va Myanmada uchraydi. Vajrayana ko'pincha Tibet bilan bog'liq, ammo Nepal, Butan va Mo'g'ulistonda ham mavjud. Bu turli oqimlar turli xil e'tiqodlarga, amaliyotlarga va Buddist ta'limotlarini talqin qilishga ega.( The main currents of Buddhism include Mahayana, Theravada (also known as Hinayana), and Vajrayana (also known as Lamaism). Mahayana is the largest branch and is found throughout East Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. Theravada is found primarily in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. Vajrayana is most commonly associated with Tibet, but is also found in Nepal, Bhutan, and Mongolia. These different currents have varying beliefs, practices, and interpretations of Buddhist teachings.)