The economic costs of ILL health in the European Region


participates actively in the labour market and whether



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participates actively in the labour market and whether
employers demand the extra labour. This illustrates the
importance of complementarities in reform, some of
them clearly beyond the influence of health ministries.
It is not, however, sufficient that additional older
workers be in demand. It is also necessary that the
additional years of life be spent in reasonably good
health, enabling older people to work. Yet none of these
assumptions can be guaranteed. Nevertheless, we can at
least conclude that potential exists for longevity gains to
compensate for the ageing of populations in labour
markets.
4. Very limited perspective: health-care costs
Upward pressure on health-care spending during the
last two decades has captured policy-makers’ attention.
One suggestion for containing these costs is to improve
population health, which certainly sounds plausible:
healthier people need less health care, which would in
turn reduce expenditure. This idea underpinned the
influential Wanless report
(102)
, commissioned by the
United Kingdom Treasury, but some are sceptical,
suggesting that better health status may even increase
future health-care spending
(103)
. This section sheds
some light on the matter, reviewing relevant studies. We
focus on the effect on health expenditures and not the
effect on government expenditures in general.
Again, though, the question of whether investing in
health will reduce future health-care expenditures is not
the relevant criterion when making an economic
assessment of the return on investment from a welfare
economic perspective, although this has not prevented
use of the criterion in public policy debates.
The brief answer to our question, “Does better health
lower future health expenditures?” can only be “It
depends”. Different studies looking at different
countries with different data for different health
conditions find very different results. We examine some
of the factors that influence the results obtained, but
first, we remind readers that many other factors also
affect health expenditures, as discussed elsewhere
(101)
.
Most of these factors, especially technological progress,
will most likely continue to contribute to sustained
upward pressure on health expenditures. Thus, in terms
of health expenditures, improvements in population
health can, at best, be expected only to diminish their
rate of increase.
We have identified several factors that affect health
status and, acting in different directions, could affect
health-care expenditure:
Background document
14
0
50
100
150
200
250
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Millions
additional working age population after adjustment
age 15–64
adjusted working age population
unadjusted working age population

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