•
Economic development is generally good for
health, but health can also bring substantial
economic benefits. Several years ago, the WHO
Commission on Macroeconomics and Health
demonstrated this for developing countries, and
there is now considerable work demonstrating the
health-to-wealth relationship within the WHO
European Region.
•
Evidence on the economic costs of ill health is
essential to any assessment of the economic return
on investing in health, but what those costs mean
and how they should be measured must be
understood to ensure that such investments are
made wisely.
•
In light of the heterogeneity of views in the public
debate about what “the economic costs of ill
health” actually means, clarifying the different cost
concepts and assessing their respective relevance is
important. We can divide these concepts into three
types of cost: (1) welfare, (2) micro- and
macroeconomic and (3) health care.
•
The
welfare
costs of ill health are the most
encompassing and measure the value individuals
attribute to health. This includes the intrinsic value
of health and far exceeds the earnings an individual
would gain by living a longer, healthier, more
productive life. While the value people attribute to
health is high, it is not infinite.
•
The value people attribute to health is difficult to
measure: there is, of course, no market price. Such
value can be inferred, however, from the decisions
people make in situations that involve a trade-off
between money and health, for instance in
deciding to require greater compensation to
perform dangerous jobs.
•
A simple calculation reveals that in many WHO
European Region countries between 1970 and
2003, the welfare gains associated with
improvements in life expectancy totalled 29–38%
of gross domestic product (GDP) – a value far
exceeding each country’s national health
expenditures.
•
Microeconomic
and
macroeconomic
costs are more
tangible but more limited measures of the costs of
ill health.
•
At the microeconomic level, there is substantial and
growing evidence suggesting that ill health reduces
individuals’ labour productivity and labour supply.
Health status even emerges as the main
determinant of labour supply by older workers in
several studies.
•
Findings are more mixed at the macroeconomic
level. Considerable literature suggests that ill health
is bad for economic growth in developing
countries, but recent research contradicts that view.
Work on developed countries is limited.
•
“A healthier population means less spending on
costly health care” sounds plausible, but is it true?
The evidence is equivocal. Even if better health
may, in some circumstances, lead to lower health
spending, other cost drivers, in particular
technological advances, will more than outweigh
any savings from improved health. On the other
hand, there is also not much support for the
hypothesis that better health by itself would be a
major cost driver.
•
It is useful to document whether and how better
health produces tangible micro- and
macroeconomic benefits, and how it may (in some
cases) reduce future health-care costs. But these
economic benefits are very small compared with
the broader and more relevant welfare economic
gains expressed as the monetary value people
attribute to health improvements.
•
Policy-makers should be encouraged to factor
welfare gains into their economic evaluations of
health interventions. Failure to do so risks
understating their true economic benefits.
Economic costs of ill health
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