documents the importance of health in shaping labour
supply. Good health, for instance, raises the probability
of working in the first place. Health even emerges as the
main, if not sole, determinant of labour supply by older
workers in several studies.
At macroeconomic level, considerable work shows a
robust impact of health on economic growth, but it
relates to developing countries outside the Region. As
much of this research confirms the importance of adult
mortality (or life expectancy) for economic growth, we
were able to apply the main findings to forecast the
impact of different future adult mortality scenarios in a
set of countries in central and eastern Europe and the
Commonwealth of Independent States. We found that
the macroeconomic gains are potentially quite large.
Some very recent work, however, cautions against the
expectation of major growth dividends from improved
health. There is comparatively little work on health and
growth in high-income countries, and the results of
those studies are mixed. For example, using working-
age cardiovascular disease mortality as a health proxy,
we show that improving health does positively affect
GDP growth. We also show that, in particular, if
effective retirement age were delayed in step with
longevity gains, many of the negative economic
consequences ascribed to ageing societies could be
mitigated. Health might then be better able to “deliver”
its positive impact on the labour market, and thus the
economy, by keeping more and healthier older people in
the workforce. More research on the macroeconomic
dimension, particularly in developed countries, is needed
to verify these findings and further explain them.
Health-care costs
In the third cost category we focus even more narrowly,
looking at how ill health affects what individuals and
governments spend on health and whether investing in
health now will save money in the future for those
individuals or the health sector. The expectation that
improved health in the future will mitigate or even
reverse the trend of increasing health expenditures
cannot be supported by the research evidence. Even if
better health may, in some circumstances, lead to lower
health spending, other cost drivers, in particular
technological progress, more than outweigh any such
savings. On the other hand, there is also not much
support for the hypothesis that better health by itself
would be a major cost driver.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: