Box 3. The labour market impact of risk factors
Several studies have explored the impact of risk factors on
labour market outcomes. The risk factors include under- and
over-nutrition, smoking and alcohol consumption. There is
considerable literature showing the harmful effects of mal- or
under-nutrition on labour market (and broader economic)
outcomes worldwide
(1,40,41)
and in the CCEE-CIS
(42)
,
although typically there are no direct cost estimates for the
CCEE-CIS.
15
Surprisingly few studies have examined the labour
market impact of smoking. The study by Levine, Gustafson &
Valenchik is a rare exception, finding that workers with
otherwise typical characteristics and who smoke earn 4–8% less
than non-smokers
(44)
. In what appears to be a rare exception
of a study on smokers in low- and middle-income countries,
Lokshin & Beegle found that Albanian smokers experienced
wage reductions of 21–28%
(45)
.
Several studies examine simultaneous effects of smoking and
drinking
(46–49)
. One found that in The Netherlands alcohol use
was associated with 10% higher wages for males while smoking
reduced them by about 10% (the study found no effects of
either in females)
(49)
. Several other studies confirm the
somewhat counterintuitive, positive wage impact of alcohol
consumption. One explanation is the beneficial health effects of
moderate alcohol consumption, although it fails to consider
either the very harmful health effects of excessive alcohol
consumption or the absence of beneficial health effects in
younger people who have little risk of cardiovascular diseases
(CVD). Another explanation is alcohol consumed during social
networking, where it is hypothesized that such consumption is
associated with additional social time spent with colleagues and
associates. This practice may signal more senior staff that the
individual is more motivated and committed to the firm,
inducing higher wages for the individual. During such
networking, workers may learn valuable information that boosts
their careers and ultimately their wages
(50)
. Some refute this
hypothesis, arguing that the observed results are largely due to
measurement problems. For instance, two studies showed that
binge drinking reduced earnings among males and females in
the United States
(51,52)
. Other studies also report an adverse
impact of excessive alcohol consumption on employment. Using
Finnish data, one demonstrated that alcohol dependence
reduced the probability that a man (woman) would be in full- or
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |