The definition of adoption The main characters of adoption in middle ages Modern adoption

Independent adoption. An adoption facilitated by other than an adoption agency.
Conclusion
In contrast, modern adoption laws and practices aim to promote child welfare and are regarded as an integral part of government efforts to protect the interests of the young. This new approach became common in Europe and the United States in the period following World War I, when vast numbers of children were orphaned and the number of “illegitimate” births increased. The approach was later given scientific support by studies in psychology and sociology that stressed the beneficial influence of a stable family life on a child’s developmentThe first modern adoption legislation, the Adoption of Children Act, was passed in the U.S. state of Massachusetts in 1851. It required judges to determine that adoptive parents had “sufficient ability to bring up the child” and that “it is fit and proper that such adoption should take effect.” In Great Britain adoption was not legally permitted until 1926; the delay in legislation can be attributed in part to the existence of other legal means for protecting and caring for homeless children. Several of the Commonwealth nations passed adoption laws well in advance of the British statute. In Canada, for example, adoptions were first permitted in New Brunswick in 1873, and in New Zealand the first law was enacted in 1895. Adoption of minors for the purpose of creating permanent, comprehensive bonds between parents and children is a relatively recent phenomenon in France, dating from 1923. In Germany and the Scandinavian countries, adoption laws are part of comprehensive child-welfare legislation.The frequency of international adoptions, or adoptions of children from foreign countries, increased dramatically after World War II. The number of such adoptions, as well as the countries of origin of most adopted children, have varied with the incidence of poverty, wars, natural disasters (such as famine or disease), and large-scale human rights problems. Since the mid-20th century, thousands of children from South Korea, Guatemala, Peru, eastern Europe, various African countries, and China have been adopted by mainly American and western European parents.In the United States the practice of interracial adoption, which primarily involved African American and Native American children and white parents, was a subject of considerable controversy during the 1970s. Critics charged that the practice deprived such children of their cultural identity and amounted to a form of “cultural genocide”; defenders argued that it promoted integration and interracial understanding and that it was much better for children than life in an orphanage or in foster care. In the late 20th century the issue continued to be addressed in court rulings and legislation.

Literature

1. 
   Mary Kathleen Benet, The Politics of Adoption, 1976, page 14
   
2. 
   ^ John Boswell, The Kindness of Strangers, 1998, page 74, 115
   
3. 
   ^ John Boswell, The Kindness of Strangers, 1998, page 62-63
   
4. 
   ^ W. Scheidel, The Roman Slave Supply, May 2007, page 10
   
5. 
   ^ John Boswell, The Kindness of Strangers, 1998, page 3
   
6. 
   ^ John Boswell, The Kindness of Strangers, 1998, page 53-95
   
7. 
   ^ A. Tiwari, The Hindu Law of Adoption, Central Indian Law Quarterly, Vol 18, 2005 Archived 5 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine