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Formal styles are used in public speech, in the adressing of one person to many (to the public). It may be a lecturer, an architect, a reporter. In formal speech the conditions of com-n are such, that there is no feedback (обр.связь). In this one-way com-n everything is well-thought, the voc-ry is exact and rich, the w-s are used in their literal m-ng. There are many terms.
Informal style is a char-c of a personal two-way everyday com-n.
A dialogue is assisted by gestures and voice. The listener may interrupt the speaker and ask for additional inf-n. There is constant feedback. That’s why the ling.forms are free, rich in emotions, concretisism and emphatism, in pronouns and generic terms.
The expression of one and the same idea depends on a number of factors:
the situation, in which the com-n takes place
the attitude of the speaker towards the addressee
the aim of com-n
Depending on how these factors are observed, we distinguish dif.functional styles, such as poetic, scientific, etc.
Besides the term “functional styles”, there are some other notions close to FS, which need commenting on:
a variety of l-ge, which denotes any distinctive and recognized form of l-ge, which has a specific commun-ve role in a society
register is a social ling.term, not equivalent to the term “style”(though it denotes some of w-d of the “FS”).
Register is a variety of l-ge accord.to the use and the context, in which it’s uttered. This term was introduced by T.B.Reed and developed by M.Holiday. Registers are distinctive varieties of l-ge, used in dif.situation types, such as church, service, lesson, text book, sports, reporting, etc.
Situation types and registers associated with them are conventionally recognized in a society. Registers are a part of individual’s com-ve equipment in the m-ng that you can speak or write a number of such varieties and recognize many more originating from others.
Register is a distinctive use of a l-ge to fullfill a particular com-ve function in a particular kind of situation. Holiday distinguishes 3 aspects which vary situation types:
field – the activity accosiated with the l-ge being used, the subject matter (chemistry, politics, cars, cookery...)
tenor – the relationship b/w the people concern in the speech act (formal or official, the intensions of the speaker to inform or persuade, etc)
mode – the way, the text is organized in the cosen channel (oral or written, in a loud or low voice, quick or slow temple...)
There are other l-ge varieties:
They provide a geographical answer to the question “Where are you from?” in the English-speaking countries.
Accent points mostly to the distinctive pronunciation.
Sociolect is a variety of English associated with a particular class, social group. Thus, we can speak about “standart English”, “Queen English”, cockney.
Idiolect is a personal variety, speech features, which allow to recognize an individual.
Modern Eng.and American linguists and literary critics imploy one more notion, term, close to the previous: genre. The most widely used m-ng of this term is a literary type, such as epique, liric, tragedy, comedy. But in modern linguistics it has a wider m-ng: a certain class of text types, that is a concept larger than a literary genre (the shopping list, a telephone conversation, etc.)
A genre both unifize and stratifize l-ge. In this wider m-ng this w-d was used by M.M.Bahtin. He defined the speech genre as the use of l-ge depending on the sphere of com-nal setting. He defined genres into simple or primary and complex or literary, refering literary genres to the second group. Genres create an important area which may be called “English for specific purposes” (doctor-patient interactions in casuality wards (в палате); genre of technical displace (ученые); introductions to articles from pure applied from social sciencies (прикладная наука)).
Genres are subdivided into subgenres (poetry: sonnet, lyric poem, epique poem; research article: survey paper, conference reseach notes, letter). It’s possible to divide subgenres into subsubgenres...
Discourse is a concrete manifestation of l-ge and it’s produced necessarily in a specific context, that involves not only ling.elements, but also the circumstances of their production: the time, the place, the interlocutors, the relations prevailing among extraling.elements.
This term nowadays is used in some other m-ngs: a body of text, connected with each other by the same subject, theme, concept, united by the com-ve and functional relations (scientific D, journalistic D, political D, religious D, philosophical D, fascist D, perestrojka D...).
Discourse is a stretch of l-ge percieved to be m-ngful, unified and purposive (chat, manual, letter, newspaper report).
3. The L-ge of Lit-re
Many Eng.and Rus.scientists solve the problem of B-L S. by opposing of the l-ge of lit-re to the l-ge of non-lit-re: Lit :: non-lit
The l-ge of non-lit-re includes all the uses of the l-ge: oral and written outside the lit-re in our life.
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