The connection of S. with other branches of S. 1

1. The connection of S. with other branches of S. 1) One and the same massage or inf-n may be conveyed in dif. forms, and the same phenomenon may be described dif-ly. The dif-ce depends on dif. factors, such as the situation, the attitude to the recepient, but the dif-ce in the expression constitutes Style. Stylistics comes from the w. “Style”, which is polysemantic in all languages (in Rus. Dictionary – 12 m-gs, in Eng.Oxford – 7 m-gs). Style←stile←stylus By metonomy the w. “Style” came to be used for the manner of writing, the model of composition (laconic S, floric S, clearcut S...) Then by some widening of m-ng, come to m-ng “the manner of doing smth”. Another m-ng is the manner of expression in Art (Classic S, Impressionistic S, Tudor S) “The manner of speaking” peculiar to some definite sphere of com-n “The way of writing of some particular writer”. A lot of definitions of S are given by linguists: 1) Sayce R.A. Style is the aesthetic use of l-ge in a work of art. This view limits the sphere of investigation to to literature. 2) R.Fowler (British) Acc. to Fowler a l-ge is constituted by compulsory features (constants) and optional features (variables\variants). The constants are the features, which are common for all types of speech. Style – is a property of all texts (not only literal), it is the manipulation of variables or the selection of optional features. Fowler’s def-n presupposes selection, choice of the part of the speaker. We may speak about dif. styles & dif. writers, because they may choose dif. l-ge means, not only constants, but variables, because they deviate from the norm. In the literary l-ge, the norm is considered to be the invariant of phonetical, morphological, lexical & syntactical pattern, peculiar to a certain l-ge at a certain period of time (Гальперин). Variants may deviate from the invariants, but not too much. There’s not a single text in any sphere of commun-n, consisting only of invariants, because the norm as the invariant is a linguistic abstraction. Our linguistic competence allows us to see what is acceptable, normal & recognise variants, because we have a set of rules in our mind. But we should speak not only of one single norm, but about a set of norms, because what is acceptable & normal in one part of St-cs is deviated in others. In literature, deviation from the norm may be great. The Am. linguist Chomsky treated the problem of the norm as the degree of grammaticality or the degree of acceptability. Acc. to Chomsky, there’re 3 types of structures: grammatical or marked (a year ago) unmarked, which don’t exist in l-ge or dictionaries (a the ago) semi-marked, which were used only once ( a grief ago) The British linguists developed this idea & made a scale of deviate structures: - many moons ogo - 10 games ago - several performances ago - a few siggaretes ago - 2 wives ago a N + ago (Noun should have some temporal duration, but in our case, we have nouns, which have acquired this m-ng). 2) Stylistics is a linguistic science dealing with the principals of choice and usage of l-ge means for expressing thoughts and emotions under dif.conditions of comm-n. Accord.to the subject matter S. may be divided into: 1) linguistic S., which studies functional styles and the expressive means of the l-ge, their structure, linguistic mechanism and functions 2) literary S., which studies the manner of expression of peculiar to this or that writer or trand in lit-re (the writer’s outlook, the comparison of a literary work, etc) They are closely connected and based on each other. 3) comparative S., which is connected with the contrastive study of more than one l-ge. It analyses the stylistic resources of 2 l-ges or 2 lit-res and is linked to the theory of translation. 4) decoding S. is based on information theory (information may be denotative: factual and editional: connotative) encoder → (literature)→ decoder