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After a while, they
submitted to their fates despairingly.
4.5. On the Way of Disbandment of the People’s Republics
In 1923, two important events which influenced the fate of Bukhara and
Young Bukharan regime happened. The first one was the establishment of economic
union in southern Central Asia. This was the Soviet enforcement policy to restraint
the increasing independent progress of the republics. In March 1923, the first
conference was held with the participation of three South Central Asian republics:
Turkistan ASSR, Bukhara and Khwarazm. A common economic policy was
discussed and it was decided to establish Economic Council of Central Asia. This
economic council aimed to integrate currencies, railway, telegraph and postal
systems of Bukhara and Khwarazm into the Soviet system.
294
Also, three republics
(Turkestan ASSR, Bukhara, and Khwarazm) were having a common irrigation,
commerce, agriculture and planning systems.
295
“Two organızations instrumental in
putting an end to the regrouping of all Central Asia under Soviet authority were the
Economic Council of Central Asia and the Central Asian Bureau of the Communist
293
Allworth, Edward et al.,
Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule
,ed. Edward Allworth,(New
York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 255.
294
Carrere D’Encausse, Hèlene, trans.,
Islam and the Russian Empire Reform and Revolution in
Central Asia
, (London: I.B.Tauris-Co Ltd, 1966), 183.
295
Allworth, Edward et al.,
Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule
,ed. Edward Allworth,(New
York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 254.
111
Party of the Soviet Union.”
296
The second important development was the speech of
Stalin that targeted the Russian Muslims who were trying to organize as secret
societies, which were especially consisted of Tatar Muslims, against the Soviet
regime. The general Soviet policy changed against the Russian Muslims after the 4
th
conference named as “enlarged conference of responsible workers of the republics
and nationality regions” in June 1923.
297
In the conference, the Russian Muslims and
the government of Bukhara were condemned for ignoring the class interests of
proletariat and for pursuing their own nationalist interests.
298
. There was the fear that
the improvement of bourgeoisie nationalism in Turkestan and spread among all
Russian Muslims. After the condemnations were oriented against the activities of
clandestine organizations of Russian Muslims and bourgeois nationalist tendencies of
the regimes of people’s republics in the 4
th
conference in 9-12 June 1923 in
Moscow,
299
the operation of the arrest of the dissidents to Bolshevism and advocates
of bourgeoisie nationalist government was started. “All the former officials, clerics,
important merchants, and landowners were banned from the political community and
deprived of the right to vote. Large business firms and then the personal properties of
the well-to-do were confiscated while a start at agrarian reform was attempted.”
300
The transition period, according to the Soviets, ended and it was time to
emphasize the Soviet influence to display the integration of Central Asia to the
Union. At the fifth congress of Bukhara Soviets on 19 September 1924, it was
accepted on consensus that the People’s Republic of Bukhara was transformed to the
296
Ibid, 257.
297
Ibid, 255.
298
Carrere D’Encausse, Hèlene, trans.,
Islam and the Russian Empire Reform and Revolution in
Central Asia
, (London: I.B.Tauris-Co Ltd, 1966), 181.
299
Carrere D’Encausse, Hèlene, trans.,
Islam and the Russian Empire Reform and Revolution in
Central Asia
, (London: I.B.Tauris-Co Ltd, 1966), 181.
300
Allworth, Edward et al.,
Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule
, ed. Edward Allworth,(New
York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 255.
112
Soviet Republic of Bukhara.
301
In addition, it was approved at the congress that each
nation in Bukhara was reorganized as a nation state on its own and joined the
USSR.
302
The Central Executive Committee of USSR unanimously decided to
abolish the Soviet republics, instead, to establish two socialist republics. Instead of
these disbanded republics, Uzbekistan SSR was installed as a socialist state of Uzbek
ethnic group and Turkmenistan SSR was installed as a socialist state of Turkmens.
Both Bukhara Soviet and Khwarazm Soviet and also Turkestan ASSR were totally
disbanded on 17 February 1925.
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