parties. Insurance contracts are described by policy size (cap), pre-
mium, deductible, coinsurance, and coverage/exclusions. Key insur-
ance categories include partial, standard, and full insurance contracts,
as well as loss sensitive contracts and captives.
Figure 7.17 Structure of a captive
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FURTHER READING
Cox, J. and Rubinstein, M., 1985, Options Markets, New Jersey: Prentice
Hall.
Doherty, N., 1985, Corporate Risk Management, New York: McGraw-
Hill.
Hull, J., 2005, Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 6th edition, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall.
MacDonald, R., 2005, Derivatives Markets, 2nd edition, Boston MA:
Addison-Wesely.
Vaughan, E. and Vaughan, T., 2002, Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance,
9th edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
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8
CORPORATE FINANCE
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
In this final chapter of Part II we alter our focus from products and
instruments designed to directly fulfill funding, investment or risk
management goals, to specific financial transactions intended to
boost enterprise value and meet other strategic, profit, or market
share goals. We shall begin by discussing the uses of corporate
finance and then examine the key characteristics of the most
common transactions, including mergers, acquisitions, leveraged
(management) buyouts, spin-offs, recapitalizations and buybacks.
We will then review the general process by which corporate
finance deals are valued, and conclude by examining the challenges
a company faces in arranging a transaction.
USES OF CORPORATE FINANCE
Corporate finance, which includes a broad range of financial engi-
neering deals that can be used to alter the structure and scope of a
company’s operations, is a central part of long-term financial
planning. The decision to acquire, or merge with, another com-
pany, sell a piece of the company, or restructure the capital base is
achieved only after considerable planning and analysis. Corporate
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finance transactions, which are generally complex to arrange and
execute, cannot be done as part of short-term, or tactical, opera-
tions. They are part of the long-term planning process, and must
often be sanctioned by the board of directors and, in some cases,
shareholders.
We’ll examine fundamental corporate finance transactions in
more detail later in the chapter to gain an understanding of uses
and challenges. We begin, however, with some basic definitions:
Merger: A transaction where one company combines with
another company on a relatively equal basis to create a ‘‘new’’
company.
Acquisition: A transaction where one company buys another
company.
Leveraged (management) buyout: A transaction where a pub-
licly listed company takes itself private by borrowing to pur-
chase outstanding shares.
Spin-off: A transaction where a company sells one or more of
its units or divisions to the public (in an IPO) or to a third
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