The Basics: Finance


particular types of risks. Though the nature and operation of cap-



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Finance The Basics


particular types of risks. Though the nature and operation of cap-
tives varies, the focus is generally on high-frequency/low-severity
risks – the highly predictable exposures for which this form of
‘‘self-insurance’’ can be a cost-effective alternative. For instance,
Figure 7.16 Converting full insurance to partial insurance
Derivatives and insurance
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ABC Co., facing a certain amount of predictable claims from its
employee health program, may decide that it is too expensive to
purchase conventional insurance coverage. Accordingly, it can
create a captive as a ‘‘self insurance’’ fund, paying premium to the
captive and receiving coverage on the employee health claims. By
doing so it is able to achieve some level of cost savings and retain
all cash flows within the corporate structure. Figure 7.17 illustrates
the structure of the captive.
Chapter summary
A derivative is a contract that derives its value from some market or
asset, such as a stock, bond, currency, or commodity. Insurance is a
contract that provides financial restitution against an event that creates
a loss. Both instruments are widely used by companies to manage
financial and operating risks: derivatives are used to hedge risks by
providing a gain when an underlying risk exposure produces a loss;
insurance is used to transfer risks to another party (i.e. an insurer)
through the payment of a premium. Derivatives can also be used to
speculate/arbitrage; insurance can never be used to generate profits.
Derivatives are characterized by notional, reference asset, maturity,
settlement, trading mechanism and, for options, strike price. Key clas-
ses of derivatives include standardized exchange-traded contracts
(futures, options, futures options) that trade via exchanges, and OTC
contracts (forwards, swaps, options) that are customized between two
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