Tertium Organum



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Tertium-Organum-by-P-D-Ouspensky

A is A 
A is not not A 
Each thing is either A or not A 
completely correspond to the fundamental axioms of mathematics, axioms of identity 
and difference. 
Every magnitude is equal to itself. The part is 
less than the whole. 
Two magnitudes, equal separately to a third, are equal to each other,
etc. 
This similarity between the axioms of mathematics and logic goes very deep, and 
this allows us to draw the conclusion that they have the same origin. 
The laws of mathematics and the laws of logic are the laws of the reflection of the 
phenomenal world in our perception and thinking. 
Just as logical axioms can operate only with concepts and refer only to concepts, so 
mathematical axioms can operate only with 
finite
and 
constant
magnitudes and refer 
only to them. 
In relation to infinite and variable magnitudes these axioms are incorrect,
just as 
logical axioms are incorrect even in relation to emotions, to symbols, to music and to 
the 
hidden meaning of the word,
to say nothing of that content of ideas which cannot 
be put into words. 
What does it mean? 
It means that axioms of logic and mathematics are deduced by us from the 
observation 
of phenomena,
i.e. the phenomenal world, and represent a certain 
conditional incorrectness,
necessary for the cognition of the 
unreal,
'subjective' world ­
in the true meaning of the word. 
It has been pointed out earlier that in fact we have 
two mathematics. 
One — the 
mathematics 
of finite and constant numbers,
represents an entirely artificial 
construction for solving problems on the basis of conditional data. The chief of these 
conditional data consists in the fact that in problems of 
this mathematics
there is 
always taken 
only the 't' of the universe, 
i.e. only one section of the universe which is 
never mixed with another section. Thus the mathematics of finite and constant 
magnitudes studies an 
artificial universe 
and is itself something specially created on 
the basis of our observations of phenomena and as a means of facilitating these 
observations. The mathematics of finite and constant numbers is unable to go 
beyond 
phenomena.
It 


deals with an imaginary world, with imaginary magnitudes. (The practical results of 
those applied sciences which are based on mathematical sciences need not disturb the 
observer, because they are merely the solutions of problems in definite artificial 
conditions.) 
The other, 
the mathematics of infinite and variable magnitude 
is something entirely 
real, constructed on the basis of mental deductions about the 
real world. 
The first refers to the world of phenomena, which is nothing else than 
our incorrect 
perception and representation of the world. 
The second refers to the world of noumena, which is 
the world as it is. 
The first is unreal and exists only in 
our
consciousness, in our imagination. 
The second is real and expresses the relations of the 
real
world. 
An example of 'real mathematics', violating the fundamental axioms of our 
mathematics (and logic) is the so-called 
mathematics of transfinite numbers. 
Transfinite numbers, as their name implies, are numbers 
beyond infinity. 
Infinity, as represented by the sign 

is a mathematical expression with which, as 
such, it is possible to carry out all operations: divide, multiply, raise to powers. It is 
possible to raise infinity to the power of infinity - the result will be 


. This magnitude 
is an infinite number of times greater than a simple infinity. And at the same time they 
are equal 




. Precisely this is the most remarkable thing in transfinite numbers. 
You can carry out with them any operation you like, and 

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