TERTIUM ORGANUM
THE THIRD CANON OF THOUGHT
A KEY TO THE ENIGMAS OF THE WORLD
And sware . . . that there should be time no longer.
Revelation 10: 6
That ye, being rooted and grounded in love, may be able to comprehend with all
saints what is the breadth, the length, the depth and the height.
St Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians 3: 17, 18
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
What do we know and what do we not know? Our known data
and our unknown data. Unknown quantities taken as known
quantities. Matter and motion. What does positivist philosophy
arrive at? Identity of the unknown quantities:
x = y, y
=
x.
What do we actually know? The existence of consciousness in
us and of the world outside us. Dualism or monism?
Subjective and objective cognition. Where do the causes of
sensations lie? Kant's system. Time and space. Mach's
observation. What the physicist actually works with.
CHAPTER 2
A new view of Kant's problem. Hinton's books. 'Space-sense'
and its evolution. A system for developing the sense of the
fourth dimension by means of exercises with different
coloured cubes. The geometrical concept of space. Three
perpendiculars. Why are there only three? Can everything
existing be measured by three perpendiculars? Physical and
metaphysical facts. Signs of existence. The reality of ideas.
The insufficient evidence of the existence of matter and
motion. Matter and motion are only logical concepts, like
'good' and 'evil'.
CHAPTER 3
What can we learn about the fourth dimension by studying
geometrical relationships within our space? What should be
the relationship of a three-dimensional body to a four
dimensional one? A four-dimensional body as the trace of the
movement of a three-dimensional body in a direction not
contained in it. A four-dimensional body as composed of an
infinite
number of three-dimensional bodies. A three-dimensional
body as a section of a four-dimensional one. Parts of bodies
and whole bodies in three and in four dimensions.
Incommensurability of a three-dimensional and a four
dimensional body. A material atom as a section of a four
dimensional line.
CHAPTER 4
In what direction may the fourth dimension lie? What is
motion? Two kinds of movement - movement in space and
movement in time - contained in every motion. What is time?
Present past and future. Wundt on sense-cognition. Groping
through life. Why we do not see the past and the future. A new
extension in space and motion in that space. Two ideas
contained in the concept of time. Time as the fourth dimension
of space. Impossibility of understanding the idea of the fourth
dimension without the idea of motion. The idea of motion and
'time-sense'. 'Time-sense' as the limit (surface) of space sense.
Riemann's idea of the translation of time into space in the
fourth dimension. Hinton on the law of surfaces. 'Ether' as a
surface.
CHAPTER 5
Four-dimensional space. 'Time-body' - Linga Sharira. Form of
the human body from birth to death. Incommensurability of a
three-dimensional and a four-dimensional body. Newton's
fluents. Unreality of constant magnitudes in our world. Right
and left hand in three-dimensional and a four-dimensional
space. Differences between three-dimensional and four
dimensional space. Not two different spaces, but two different
modes of perception of one and the same world.
CHAPTER 6
Methods of investigating the problem of higher dimensions.
Analogy between imaginary worlds of different dimensions.
One-dimensional world on a line. 'Space' and 'time' of a one
dimensional being. Two-dimensional world on a plane. 'Space'
and 'time', 'ether', 'matter' and 'motion' of a two-dimensional
being. Reality and illusion on a plane. Impossibility of seeing an
'angle'. An 'angle' as motion. Incomprehensibility, for a two
dimensional being of the functions of the objects of our world.
Phenomena and noumena of a two-dimensional being. How
could a plane being understand the third dimension?
CHAPTER 7
Impossibility of a mathematical definition of dimensions. Why
does mathematics not feel dimensions? The entirely
conventional character of the designation of dimensions by
powers. The possibility of representing all the powers on a line.
Kant and Lobachevsky. The difference between non-Euclidean
geometry and metageometry. Where should we seek the
explanation of the three-dimensionality of the world, if Kant's
ideas are correct? Are not the three-dimensional conditions of
the world to be found in our perceiving apparatus, in our mind?
CHAPTER 8
Our perceiving apparatus. Sensation. Representation Concept.
Art as the language of the future. To what extent does the three
dimensionality of the world depend on the properties of our
perceiving apparatus? What could prove this dependence?
Where could we find a real confirmation of this dependence?
Psychology of animals. In what does it differ from the human?
Reflex. Irritability of the cell. Instinct. Pleasure - pain.
Emotional thinking. Absence of concepts. Language of animals.
Logic of animals. Different levels of intelligence in animals.
The goose, the cat, the dog and the monkey.
CHAPTER 9
Perception of the world by man and by animals. Illusions of
animals and their lack of control over perceptions. A world of
moving planes. Angles and curves as motion. Third dimension
as motion. The two-dimensional appearance, for animals, of our
three-dimensional world. Animals as real two-dimensional
beings. Lower animals as one-dimensional beings.
Time and space of a snail. Time-sense as a nebulous space
sense. Time and space of a dog. Change of the world with a
change of the mental apparatus. Proof of Kant's problem.
Three-dimensional world as an illusory representation.
CHAPTER 10
Spatial understanding of time. Four-dimensional angles and
curves in our life. Does motion exist in the world or not?
Mechanical motion and 'life'. Biological phenomena as
manifestations of motion proceeding in higher space. Evolution
of space-sense. Growth of space-sense and diminution of time
sense. Translation of time-sense into space-sense. Handicaps
presented by our concepts, our language. The need to find a
method of expressing time-concepts spatially. Science on the
fourth dimension. A four-dimensional body. Four-dimensional
sphere.
CHAPTER 11
Science and the problem of the fourth dimension. Paper read
by Professor N. A. Oumoff at the Mendeleev Convention in
1911, 'The Characteristic Features and Problems of
Contemporary Natural-scientific Thought*. New physics.
Electro-magnetic theory. Principles of relativity. The works of
Einstein and Minkowsky. Simultaneous existence of the past
and the future. The eternal Now. Van Manen's book on occult
experiences. Diagram of a four-dimensional figure.
CHAPTER 12
Analysis of phenomena. What determines for us different
orders of phenomena? Methods and forms of the transition of
phenomena of one order into another. Phenomena of motion.
Phenomena of life. Phenomena of consciousness. The central
question of our perception of the world: which kind of
phenomena is primary and produces the others? Can motion lie
at the beginning of everything? Laws of the transformation of
energy. Simple transformation and the liberation of latent
energy. Different liberating forces
of different kinds of phenomena. The force of mechanical
energy, the force of a living cell and the force of an idea.
Phenomena and noumena of our world.
CHAPTER 13
The apparent and the hidden side of life. Positivism as the
study of the phenomenal aspect of life. What constitutes the
'two-dimensionality' of positivist philosophy? Envisaging
everything on one plane, in one physical sequence. Streams
flowing under the earth. What can the study of life, as a
phenomenon, give? The artificial world which science builds
for itself. The non-existence, in actual fact, of completed and
isolated phenomena. A new sense of the world.
CHAPTER 14
The voices of stones. The wall of a church and the wall of a
prison. The mast of a ship and a gallows. The shadow of a
hangman and the shadow of a saint. The soul of a hangman
and the soul of a saint. The different combinations of
phenomena known to us in higher space. The connectedness of
phenomena which seem to us separate, and the difference
between phenomena which appear to be similar. How should
we approach the noumenal world? The understanding of things
outside the categories of time and space. The reality of a great
many 'figures of speech'. The occult understanding of energy.
The letter of a Hindu occultist. Art as the cognition of the
noumenal world. What we see and what we do not see. Plato's
dialogue about the cave.
CHAPTER 15
Occultism and love. Love and death. Different attitudes to
problems of death and problems of love. What is lacking in our
understanding of love? Love as an everyday and a
psychological phenomenon. Possibility of a religious
understanding of love. The creative force of love. The negation
of love. Running away from love. Love and mysticism. The
'miraculous' in love. Nietzsche and Edward Carpenter on love.
CHAPTER 16
The phenomenal and the noumenal side of man. 'Man in
himself.' How do we know the inner side of man? Can we
know of the existence of consciousness in conditions of space
not analogous to ours? Brain and consciousness. Unity of the
world. Logical impossibility of a simultaneous existence of
spirit and matter. Either all is spirit or all is matter. Rational
and irrational actions in nature and in man's life. Can rational
actions exist side by side with irrational? The world as an
accidentally produced mechanical toy. The impossibility of
consciousness in a mechanical universe. The impossibility of
mechanicalness if consciousness exists. The fact of human
consciousness interfering with the mechanical system. The con
sciousness of other cross-sections of the world. How can we
know about them? Kant on 'spirits'. Spinoza on the cognition of
the invisible world. Necessity for the intellectual definition of
what is possible and what is impossible in the noumenal world.
CHAPTER 17
A living and intelligent universe. Different forms and lines of
intelligence. Animated nature. Souls of stones and souls of
trees. The soul of a forest. The human 'I' as a collective
intelligence. Man as a complex being. 'Mankind' as a being.
The soul of the world. The face of
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