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genders, e. g. person, parent, friend, cousin, doctor, teacher, manager,
etc. Third, in the plural forms the gender distinctions are neutralized.
There is another approach, typical of some British and American
scholars. They identify the grammatical category of gender with a few
closed groups of English nouns, e. g. kinship terms ( father — mother,
son — daughter,
brother — sister,
husband — wife,
uncle — aunt,
etc).
The other groups include: man — woman, boy — girl, gentleman —
lady,
king — queen,
or, else,
cock — hen,
bull — cow, etc. The problem
with such words is that the biological sex distinctions are expressed
here on the lexical level. It is the lexical meaning of these words
which is responsible for the gender differentiations; no morphological
correlations can be found with them.
On the other hand, there are several non-productive suffixal
formations of the type: actor — actress, host — hostess, waiter —
waitress, duke — duchess, prophet — prophetess, lion — lioness, etc.
They are grammatically relevant and may be interesting in a diachronic
study as the evidence of some former trends in the English language
development. However, they are exceptional and cannot build up any
grammatically significant paradigm within the Modern English noun
system. The conclusion is that there is no grammatical category of
gender in Modern English.
Subclasses of English Nouns. Very important for current
grammatical usage are semantic subdivisions of English nouns into
proper and common, animate and inanimate, countable and uncountable,
concrete and abstract. In particular, the use of the English articles is
affected by the noun belonging to the subclass of proper names or
that of common nouns; or, else, concrete or abstract nouns. Within the
category of number the plural form is impossible with uncountable
nouns (names of substances and abstract notions). In the case system,
inanimate nouns (with some exceptions) are not allowed to have the
possessive case form.
Attributive Function of English Nouns. In Modern English a noun
may just stand before another noun and modify it, making up with it an
attributive syntagma, e. g. stone wall, speech sound, etc. Different ideas
have been put forward concerning this grammatical phenomenon. The
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view that the first element in such phrases as “stone wall” is a noun was
expressed by H. Sweet and most other scholars; the view that it is an
adjective or at least approaches the adjective state — by O. Jespersen.
The third interpretation is that the first element is neither a noun nor
an adjective, but a separate part of speech, viz. an attributive noun.
The variety of opinions shows that the precise identification of the
grammatical status of the element in question has run into considerable
difficulties. First of all, it is difficult to apply here the criteria used to
distinguish a noun from an adjective. The first element in the phrases like
stone wall does not form degrees of comparison, but on the other hand,
many English relative adjectives (e. g. golden, linguistic, Japanese) do
not have degrees of comparison either.
Most practical English grammars have chosen the interpretation
that the first element in such phrases as “stone wall” is a noun in a
specific syntactic function. This view appears to be the most plausible.
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