и. и. прибыток. М., 2008. с. 35–46.
2004. P. 61–72.
P. 41–48.
properties of objects. They are divided into qualitative and relative
Degrees of Comparison. The only morphological problem
34
three forms, e. g. large (positive), larger (comparative), the largest
(superlative), shall we say that they are all degrees of comparison? Or
shall we say that only the latter two are degrees of comparison, whereas
the first does not express any idea of comparison? Both views hold.
It is well known now that not every adjective has degrees of
comparison. Since degrees of comparison express a difference of
degree in the same property, only those of adjectives admit of degrees
of comparison which denote properties capable of appearing in
different degrees. For example, the adjective middle has no degrees of
comparison. This refers to most relative adjectives and some qualitative,
such as blind, main, perfect.
A more complex problem is the grammatical status of such formations
as more difficult, the most difficult. They are referred to as the analytical
forms of degrees of comparison. In that case the words more and most
would be auxiliary words devoid of their lexical meaning. In fact, they
preserve their meaning in the word combinations under discussion and
they should be treated as components of free phrases. But, on the other
hand, qualitative adjective like difficult, beautiful, interesting express
properties which may be presented in different degrees and, therefore,
they are bound to have degrees of comparison. B. A. Ilyish says that
considerations of meaning tend towards recognizing the formations of
the type more difficult as analytical forms of degrees of comparison,
whereas strictly grammatical considerations lead to the contrary view.
The traditional interpretation of these formations as analytical forms
prevails in linguistic literature.
Substantivization of Adjectives. Adjectives can, under certain
circumstances, be substantivized, i. e. become nouns. This phenomenon
can be found in many languages (e. g., in Russian: ученый совет —
ученый). Substantivized English adjectives acquire the characteristic
feature of nouns: 1) ability to form a plural; 2) ability to have a possessive
case form; 3) ability to be modified by an adjective; 4) ability to have
both definite and indefinite article; 5) the functions of subject and
object in a sentence. If we take, for example, the word relative, we can
find that it possesses all these features: my close relatives, his relative’s
address,
etc.
35
Such words as native, relative, representative are fully
substantivized. But there are cases of a different kind: the poor, the
rich, the Chinese, the English, etc. They do not form a plural in -s; they
have no possessive form; they cannot be used in the singular meaning
and with the indefinite article. Such adjectives are said to be partially
substantivized.
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