Technology Roadmap Low-Carbon Transition in the Cement Industry

Figure 15: Global deployment of CO
2
 capture for permanent storage in the 
cement sector in the 2DS
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
0
200
400
600
800
2014
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
C
a
p
tu
re
d
M
tC
O
/y
r
2
Full oxy-fuel
Partial oxy-fuel
Post-combustion
Captured CO - Low-variability case
2
Captured CO - High-variability case
2
Captured CO share of generated CO -
2
2
Low-variability case
Captured CO share of generated CO -
2
2
High-variability case
Captured CO
2
can be geologically stored (CCS), 
either permanently or over geological time 
scales, and either directly or after a commercial 
application. For instance, CO
2
can be injected into 
oil reservoirs to enhance the oil recovery yield, 
and it can be geologically stored in the reservoir 
once the field exploitation is completed. Currently, 
3.7 MtCO
2
/yr is stored in dedicated geological sites 
globally, and almost 28 Mt of anthropogenic CO
2
per year is captured and stored through injection 
for CO
2
enhanced oil recovery worldwide. This is 
mainly based in North America (91%) and related to 
natural gas processing and synthetic gas production 
processes (79%) (Global CCS Institute, 2017).
Captured CO
2
can also be stored for long periods in 
inert materials by reacting it with widely available 
natural alkaline minerals
42
or reactive industrial 
by-products such as fly ash to form carbonates, 
which can then be used for construction or stored 
underground. No large-scale demonstration plant is 
42. Examples of alkaline minerals are silicates rich in magnesium 
and calcium.

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