Teaching Secondary Students to Write Effectively

Eligible populations. The recommenda-

tions in this guide are primarily intended for 

teachers to use with typically developing 

students for whom English is the primary 

language. However, five of the studies used 

to support the recommendations were 

conducted with students at risk of experienc-

ing difficulty learning to write—including 

students at risk for or identified as having 

learning disabilities and English learners. 

Studies including these types of students 

were included if the panel confirmed that 

the practice examined was not designed for 

at-risk students and could be applicable for 

general education students. The external 

validity of these studies is limited because 

they did not provide evidence of effective-

ness for typically developing students for 

whom English is the primary language.