Teaching Prepared by Caroline W. Ndirangu



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Teaching Methodology by Ndirangu Caroline W. (z-lib.org)

2.2   Sequence of Learning
In the light of the psychological theories of learning we might say that any form 
of learning involves these five stages discussed below: 
Attention
Attention is considered a necessary preparatory set. Your students have to pay 
attention in order to follow and understand the content you are teaching them. 
Attention prepares your students for the next stage in learning, which is called 
perception.
Perception
At this stage of learning, there is an input to the senses that gets registered so that 
its meaning is established. The result, namely what is perceived, depends partly 
on the students’ prior learning and partly on what stimuli or parts of stimulus 
situations your students attend to.
Perception involves a complex interrelating of information from the environment 
and information retained from prior learning.
Acquisition
This is the phase of learning in which a student acquires a new capability or new 
skills in operating something. Acquisition involves identifying how ways and 
means are mastered and learning how to respond to a situation.
Retention 
What your students have learned is retained until the time it will be used. Psy-
chologists believe that there are two types of retention: short-term and long-term 
retention.
Short-term retention is demonstrated when your students hold information long 
enough for immediate use. For instance remembering a telephone number until 
a call is made, a hotel waiter memorizing details of your order before serving 
you waiter memorizing details of your order before serving you with the food 
you ordered.
When the outcomes of learning last in your student’s mind beyond the immediate 
occasion for their use, say from a few minutes right up to a lifetime, long-term 
retention is observed. Long-term retention of behaviour is required in education 
for learning purposes.
In learning, the best way of improving retention is to give attention to what is 
learned initially and how this learning is organized, and to relate this to the kind 
of problem you are faced with.


African Virtual University
   
Transfer 
This is sometimes called application and is the highest and most psychologically 
complex level of learning. It occurs when you require your students to apply, or 
put to use motor skills they are able to recall. 
You should now be aware that objectives that require your student to apply their 
knowledge in a real world setting are the most complex psychologically and require 
more instruction than the other phases of learning we have described.

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