• Languages are symbolic. Sequences of sounds or letters do not inherently
possess meaning. The meanings of symbols in a language come through the tacit
agreement of a group of speakers. For example, there is no resemblance between the
four-legged animal that eats hay and the spoken symbol [hors] or the written symbol
horse which we use to represent it in English. English speakers agree that the hay-
eating animal will be called a horse, Spanish speakers caballo, German Pferd, Chinese
ma, and Turkish at.
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